SS9301-SP 930430
April 30, 1993
Hobas
Hobas USA, Inc.
Office:
5000 Plaza on the Lake
Suite 380
Austin, Texas 78746
Telephone: (512) 329-5051
Telefax: (512) 329-5814
Ms. Martha Griffith
President
Southland Contracting Inc.
P.O. Box 697
Burleson, TX 76097
Grapevine Creek Sewer Trunk Main
City of Coppell
Submittals for Hobas Pipe
Subject:
Dear Ms. Griffith:
This letter is to certify the piping material which we will be supplying on this project will be in
compliance with the plans and specifications as described in the engineers documents covering this
project and as described below:
Hobas Centrifugally Cast Fiberglass Pipe (For Micro Tunneling)
Nominal Pipe Nominal
Diameter O.D. Stiffness I.D. Type of Joint
30" 32.0" 210 P.S.I. 29.6" Flush (Jacking)
~ ?
These pipes will be manufactured and tested in accordance with ASTM-D .,26_-87 and as noted in
engineer's specifications covering referenced project.
Thank you for allowing us the opportunity to supply these pipes and materials for this project.
Sincerely,
HOBAS PIPE USA, INC.
Joel Venable
Area Manager
The above document was described and sworn to be~6r~m~this 30~0_.day oJ~ April, 1993.
m __--- .... ---- ,
.Jo~l Venable ...................... ~ /Linda M~ s , State of Texas
Date of Expiration:
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TO:
FROM:
DATE:
SUBJECT:
EGK L,GP~ TWA RCF
CTS Jtv'~ BEC JP
LMQ FLK LWJ
Rick Turkopp
April 16, 1993
Hobas Pipe U.S.A. Sulfuric Acid Strain Performance
Attached is a revised test report on our standard pipes' long-term performance in sulfuric acid
strain corrosion. We have two samples still under test that will be 6 years old in August. The
analysis of the updated data has raised our 50 year strain value to 0.908% from 0.900%. This
report demonstrates our compliance with the chemical resistance requirements of ASTM D3262.
In fact, our results exceed the requirements by up to 20%.
As in the past, I would not routinely distribute this report. It should be used when required to prove
compliance with D3262 or when challenged on this issue.
Also attached are revised (increased) pipe life projections at various pipe deflections based on
these test results. Note that our data now predicts an average 56 year life at 9% deflection. A
very high margin of safety in use.
Rick Turkopp
attachments
kkm/sulf.rt
HOBAS PIPE USA, INC.
STRAIN-CORROSION TEST REPORT
Test Method
Pipe rings were tested perASTM D3681 at ambient temperature in 1.0 N sulfuric acid as required
by ASTM D3262 section 6.3.1.
Test Results
Hours to
Designation % Failure
A 1.200 49582 +
B 1.200 49582 +
C 1.200 1 8744
D 1.200 6696
E 1.200 61 44
F 1.200 1620
G 1.263 4104
H 1.263 1 749
I 1.263 760
J 1.350 1632
K 1.350 967
L 1.418 2256
M 1.476 2727
N 1.476 2048
O 1.476 1 31 0
P 1.613 0.5
Q 1.647 2040
R 1.689 432
S 1.813 6.7
T 1.816 48
Comments
Not Failed
Not Failed
Date Requirements
Criteria
Requirement Hobas Pipe USA
No. of data points 18 minimum 20
Data point distribution:
< 10 hours 0 2
>10; <1000hours 4 4
> 1000; < 6000 hours 3 9
> 6000 hours 3 5
> 10000 hours 1 3
Data Analysis
Per ASTM D3681, the linear log-log regression equation is determined for the data by the method
of least squares defined in Appendix XI. The equation is:
log time = -1 3.3968 log % 6' + 5.07937
The line for this equation is plotted with the data points on the attached graph.
Performance Requirement
Per ASTM D3262, fora pipe at 5% deflection to have a 1.5 safety factor after 50 years continuous
septic sewer service, the minimum required 50 year extrapolated bending strain in this test is given
by the following equations:
Pipe Stiffness (SN) Minimum 50 yr.
36 psi 0.41 (t/D)
72 psi 0.34 (t/D)
For Hobas Pipe USA pipes this converts to minimum 50 year strain (e,~) of:
Nora, Dia. SN 36 SN 72
Test Performance
18' .835% .856%
30" .796% .837%
48" .772% .815%
72' .758% .807%
The 50 year extrapolated strain is determined by substituting 5.5415 (log of 438,000 hours, which
is 50 years) for log time into the data equation and solving for log %.~ as follows:
5.6415 = -1 3.3968 log %6 + 5.07937
log % ~ = -0.041 96
50 yr. 6 = 0.908%
This value is greater than all requirements for Hobas Pipe USA pipes, so the chemical requirement
of section 6.3.1. of ASTM D3262 are met (exceeded).
Design
Per AWWA C950- the maximum pipe wall bending strain is the 50 year test performance divided
by 1.5. For Hobas Pipe USA pipes in 1.0 N sulfuric acid environment, this value is:
Cb allowable = .908%/1.5 = 0.605%
Conclusion
Hobas Pipe USA pipes meet (exceed} the chemical requirements of section 6.3.1. of ASTM D3262
and are therefore suitable for 50 year continuous septic sanitary sewer service at installed
deflections of 5%. (At lower deflections, the long-term safety factor will be proportionally
increased).
STRAIN CORROSION (Hz SO4)
HOBAS PIPE USA RESULT
log time
= -1 3.3968 log %~ +5.07937
Predicted Life
Average Pipe
Deflection
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
1 O%
Life
32 Billion Years
139 Million Years
3 Million Years
148,000 Years
12,850 Years
1,630 Years
270 Years
56 Years
14 Years
HOBAS PIPE USA, INC.
STRAIN-CORROSION TEST REPORT
Test Method
Pipe rings were tested perASTM D3681 at ambient temperature in 1.0 N sulfuric acid as required
by ASTM D32§2 section 5.3.1.
Test Results
Designation
A
,B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
Date Requirements
Hours to
% Failure
1.200 49582 +
1.200 49582 +
1.200 18744
1.200 6696
1.200 6144
1.200 1620
1.263 4104
1.263 1 749
1.263 760
1.350 1632
1.350 967
1.418 2256
1.476 2727
1.476 2048
1.476 1 310
1.613 0.5
1.647 2040
1.689 432
1.813 6.7
1.816 48
Comments
Not Failed
Not Failed
Criteria
Requirement Hobas Pipe USA
No. of data points 18 minimum 20
Data point distribution:
< 10 hours 0 2
> 10; < 1000 hours 4 4
) 1000; <6000 hours 3 9
) 6000 hours 3 5
> 10000 hours I __3
Data Analysis
Per ASTM D3681, the linear log-log regresgion equation is determined for the data by the method
of least squares defined in Appendix XI. The equation is:
HOBAS PIPE USA~ INC.
STRAIN-CORROSION TEST REPORT
Test Method
Pipe rings were tested perASTM D3681 at ambient temperature in 1.0 N sulfuric acid as required
by ASTM D3262 section 6.3.1.
Test Results
Hours to
Designation % Failure
A 1.200 49582 +
· B 1.200 49582 +
C 1.200 1 8744
D 1.200 6696
E 1.200 6144
F 1.200 1620
G 1.263 4104
H 1.263 1749
! 1.263 760
J 1.350 1632
K 1.350 967
L 1.418 2256
M 1.476 2727
N 1.476 2048
O 1.476 1310
P 1.613 0.5
Q 1.647 2040
R 1.689 432
S 1.813 6.7
T 1.816 48
Comments
Not Failed
Not Failed
Date ReQuirements
Criteria
.Requirement Hobas Pipe USA
No. of data points 18 minimum 20
Data point distribution:
< 10 hours 0 2
>10; <lO00hours 4 4
> 1000; < 6000 hours 3 9
> 6000 hours 3 5
> 1 O000 hours I 3
Data Analysis
Per ASTM D3681, the linear log-log regresgion equation is determined for the data by the method
of least squares defined in Appendix XI. The equation is:
STRAIN CORROSION (H~ SO4)
HOBAS PIPE USA RESULT
log time
-13.3968 Iog%.~ +5.07937
Predicted Life
Average Pipe
Deflection
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
Life
32 Billion Years
139 Million Years
3 Million Years
148,000 Years
12,850 Years
1,630 Years
270 Years
56 Years
14 Years
entrifugally cast fiberglass reinforced polyester pipes from
Hobas USA, Inc. bring to the market for the first time, an
economical, large diameter, high stiffness pipe with inherent
corrosion resistance.
Through the sophisticated Hobas manufacturing process and unique
product design, competitive pipes are produced for both pressure and non-
pressure service for corrosive applications.
This brochure contains pertinent information about our pipes to assist you
in selecting and using the product properly.
The sophisticated Hobas pipe construc-
tion is very strong and stiff yet also
extremely resilient. These characteristics
allow pressure and non-pressure pipes
to be produced economically for most
any installation.
entrifugally cast fiberglass reinforced polyester pipes from
Hobas USA, Inc. bring to the market for the first time, an
economical, large diameter, high stiffness pipe with inherent
corrosion resistance.
Through the sophisticated Hobas manufacturing process and unique
product design, competitive pipes are produced for both pressure and non-
pressure service for corrosive applications.
This brochure contains pertinent information about our pipes to assist you
in selecting and using the product properly.
The sophisticated Hobas pipe co
tion is very strong and stiff j/
extremely resilient. These charaf
allow pressure and non-pressl
to be produced economicall~
any installation.
Inherent corrosion resistance makes
Hobas pipes ideal for severe environ-
ments such as septic sanitary sewers.
Section N umber Section Pages
Appendix Subject Pages
A Guide Specifications
· Direct Bury Pipes 41
· Sliplining Pipes
· Jacking Pipes
· Aboveground
B Pipe Dimensions & Weights
45
C Joint Dimensions & Weights
47
D Pipe Material Properties and
Characteristics 48
E
F
G
Fitting Dimensions
· Fiberglass Elbows
· Fiberglass Tees
· Fiberglass Reducers
· Flanges
Corrosion Resistance Guide
Deflected Pipe Minimum
Inside Diameters
49
53
59
Product
Definition
Hobas Pipe is a glass-fiber-re-
inforced, sand fortified, thermo-
setting polyester resin tubular
product manufactured by a cen-
trifugal casting process.
Hobas pipes can be economically
designed for non-pressure and pressure
service by varying the quantity, place-
ment and orientation of the glass fiber
reinforcements.
Hobas USA's Houston plant.
The Company
Hobas USA is a producer and
supplier of corrosion resistant
Hobas centrifugally cast fiber-
glass pipe systems with product
and process technology under
license from Hobas Engineering
and Durotec AG, S.A. Ltd. of
Switzerland.
Hobas pipes are produced in factories
located worldwide.
History
Centrifugal casting of Hobas
fiberglass pipes started in Europe
over 30 years ago and today the
Hobas "family" includes factories
in Switzerland, Austria, England,
Sweden, Italy, Japan, Australia,
Yugoslavia and Jordan, as well as
the USA. The group of com-
panies has provided over 2000
miles of pipes worldwide, in-
cluding over 700 thousand feet
installed in the USA by the end of
1990.
obas USA centrifugally cast
fiberglass pipes are ideally suited
for most all large diameter cor-
rosive piping applications. Listed
below are the most common en-
vironments, installations and
services in which the pipe has
been used.
· Gravity sanitary sewers
· Sewer force mains
· Water supply
· Salt water lines
· Industrial effluents
· Oilfield injection systems
· Irrigation
· Outfalls
· Geo-thermal piping
· Waste water collection systems
Subaqueous Iow pressure outfall.
Brackish water line - 18" diameter at 150
psi.
Direct o o
Bury
Relining · ·
(Sliplining)
Jacking · Not Yet Available
(TBM)
Above ·
Ground
Tunnel Carrier · ·
Pipes
Note: Products available for sustained temperatures over 150° F.
See Corrosion Resistance Guide in Appendix F.
Gravity sewer sliplined with 48" diameter
Direct jacking installation of 60" diameter gravity sewer
36" diameter, 125 psi sewer force main.
H obas USA centrifugally cast
fiberglass pipes have many out-
standing features that provide
numerous cost saving benefits.
Listed below are some of the key
features and resulting benefits.
Inherent corrosion resistance of Hobas
pipes is proven by testing in acid under
high stress.
* Inherent corrosion
resistance
· Long, maintenance-free service life.
· No costly add-on linings or coatings to damage, repair
or maintain.
· No need for expensive cathodic protection or polybags to install
and monitor.
· Ideal pipe for economical relining of corroded pipelines.
· Hydraulic characteristics are unchanged with time.
* High stiffness
design
· Easy to bury using methods routinely specified for traditional
pipes.
· Performance is predictable and reliable.
· Deep covers handled with ease.
· Pipes are rugged and durable.
* Smooth interior
surface & oversize ID's.
· Deliver more fluid than any corrosion resistant pipe.
· Permits greatest recovery of flow in rehabilitated pipelines.
* Bottle-tight
joints
· Zero infiltration/exfiltration.
· No extra treatment costs.
· No pollution of ground waters.
· Full delivery of pumped fluids.
· No wasted time & expense trying to find and seal leaking
joints to pass acceptance tests.
Reflection smooth interior surface and
oversize ID's of Hobas pipes provide out-
standing long-term flow characteristics.
High stiffness Hobas pipes perform
reliably even in poor native soils at deep
covers.
II
Lightweight Hobas pipes handle easier
and /ay faster with less expensive
equipment.
Smooth, constant O.D. of Hobas pipes
permits cutting and joining anywhere
along its entire length.
Hobas push-on FWC coupling joints
assemble easily and provide leak-free
service.
* Lightweight/20 ft.
sections
· Lighter, less expensive equipment needed for handling.
· Fewer joints to assemble.
* Push-on coupling
joints
· "Fool-proof," fast assembly.
· Requires no secondary treatments, diapers, bonding
agents or other chemicals in the field.
· Lower joining costs.
* Smooth OD
· Pipe may be cut anywhere along its entire length and joined
with only end chamfering needed.
· Lower forces required to insert pipe into casings or deteriorated
pipelines for rehabilitation.
· Allows longer distance bored tunnels with lower jacking loads.
* Computer controlled
manufacturing process * Consistent, reproducible high quality pipes.
* Standardized designs
& dimensions
· Multiple pressure & stiffness classes to meet most project
requirements.
· OD's compatible with standard ductile iron fittings.
* 30 year history of
successful applications · Service tested and time proven performance record.
As you can see, Hobas USA
fiberglass pipes save you money
during installation and in opera-
tion. These initial and daily
savings compounded with the
elimination of expenses for
repairs, rehabilitation or pre-
mature replacement, make our
fiberglass pipes YOUR BEST
VALUE in CORROSION RE-
SISTANT PIPING.
Computer controlled production results
m consistent, high quality Hobas pipes.
12" 14" 16" 18" 20" 24"
30" 36" 42" 48" 54" 60"
66" 72" 78" 84" 90" 96"
Note: Actual dimensions are given in Appendix B.
Standard 20 foot sections
(Special lengths and even
divisions of 20 ft. are
available.)
Standard section length is 20 ft.,
although shorter pipes are available.
Diameters 12" to 84" are available in
1991 from Hobas USA.
~ Stiffness Class SN SN SN SN SN
Installation '~-- 18 36 46 72 >72
Direct Bury :
S lip lining
Non Pressure
Sliplining
Pressure
Jacking
Tunnel Carrier
Pipe
See pg. 18 & 39
Aboveground
~ Standard
Infrequent
~ Very Unusual
SN is minimum pipe stiffness in psi.
~ PN (psi)
Dia. (in.) ~ 0 50 100 150 200 250
12
14
16
18
20
24
3O
36
42
48
54
6O
66
72 Non-
78 Standard
84
9O
96
Fiberglass reinforced poly-
ester flanges, elbows,
reducers, tees, manholes,
wyes & laterals constructed
by contact molding or from
mitered sections of fiber-
glass pipe joined by glass-
fiber reinforced overlays are
available for non-pressure
or Iow pressure service.
Protected ductile iron, fusion
bonded epoxy coated steel
or stainless steel fittings
may be used at any pres-
sure. Fitting details may be
found in Section 8 and
Appendix E.
Hobas USA tee section manhole avail-
able for all pipe sizes.
A wide variety of fittings is available.
Direct Bury
Applications
Appropriate pipe stiffness is a
function of native soil character-
istics, trench construction, cover
depth, embedment conditions
and haunching. Figure 1 (pg. 16)
relates these parameters assum-
lng a minimum width trench as
defined in Figure 2 (pg. 16).
(Under special circumstances,
pipe stiffness less than 36 psi
may be suitable.)
For pipes with vacuum operating
conditions, see allowable Nega-
tive Pressure in Section 6 for
appropriate pipe stiffness for
various installations and negative
pressures.
High stiffness Hobas pipes may be
buried safely at depths exceeding 50 ft.
Hobas pipes easily withstand full
vacuum service condition due to high
stiffness design.
NATIVE SOIL 2. s COVER EMBEDMENT CONDITION3
DEPTH
(ft,) I 2 3 4
10 & <: SN672
ROCK 10 to 15 SN6 36 SN646
Hard & Very Stiff Cohesive 15 to 20 SN6
72
Very Dense & Dense Granular 20 to 25 SN646
(Blows/ft.4 > 30) 25 to 30 SN~46
ALTERNATE
30 to 40 SN$72 INSTALLATION?
40 to 50
10 & <: SN6 36 SN646 SN~72
Stiff Cohesive 10 to 15 SN646 SN6 72
Compact Granular 15 to 20 SN646 SN6 72
(Blows/it.4 16 to 30) 20 to 30 SN672 ALTERNATE
INSTALLATION7
over 30
10 & < SN6 36 or 46 SN6 72
Firm Cohesive
10 to 15 SN6 72
Slightly Compact Granular
r
15 to 20 I ALTERNATE
(Blows/ft.'~ 8 to 15)
over 20 INSTALLATION7
~ Assuming minimum trench width per Figure 2. s For soft or loose soils with blow counts less than 8 use alternate
2 Blow counts should be representative of weakest condition, installation per section 12,¶ AS.
3 Defined in Figure 3. 6 SN is nominal stiffness tn psi.
4 Standard penetration test per ASTM D1586. ? Alternate installation per section 12, f AS.
FIGURE 1 - Pipe Stiffness Selection for Standard Installations~
Bed DN1 /4
DN ~s nominal diameter
Min. a (in.)
DN (in.) SPT6<_50 SPT6>50
12 to 20 6 6
24 to 30 9 6
36 to 48 12 8
54 to 66 18 12
72 to 96 24 15
6Standard Penetration Test Blows/ft.per
ASTM D1586.
~ Native ~
Gravel2 ~ -
~ Bed
Gravel is defined in section 12, paragraph A3.
Sand is defined in section 12, paragraph A3.
RD is relative density per ASTM D4253.
SPD is standard proctor density per ASTM D698.
FIGURE 2 - Standard Trench
Dimensions
FIGURE 3 - Standard Embedment Conditions
Sliplining
Applications
Appropriate pipe stiffness is a
function of the insertion compres-
sive load, grouting pressure and
external hydrostatic head.
* The adjacent table lists safe
(F of S = 3) compressive
loads for various pipe stiff-
ness classes and dia-
meters.
* Maximum safe (F of S
approx. 1.5) grouting pres-
sure (psi) without support
bracing or counter pressur-
ization is equal to:
(pipe stiffness in psi) + 3
* Safe (F of S = 1.5) long-term
external hydrostatic head
(fL) for an ungrouted
installation is equal to:
(pipe stiffness in psi) + 2
Jacking
Applications
Appropriate pipe stiffness is a
function of the jacking compres-
sive load and installation condi-
tions. Allowable safe jacking
loads for the typical design are
given in the adjacent table.
/
MIN PiPE JACKING PIPE
WALL T SPIGOT END
¢Z, G G
I PIPE OD.
Note: Pipe designs for higher
jacking loads are available upon
request.
Nom. Safe Compressive Load (tons)
Dia.
"Straight" Push Slight Curves
(in.) SN 18 SN 36 _>SN18
12 -- 13 (SN 100) 7 (SN 100)
14 -- 16 (SN 80) 9 (SN 80)
16 -- 19(SN 56) 11 (SN 56)
18 -- 23(SN 46) 13(SN 46)
20 -- 26 15 (SN 36)
24 31 (SN 21) 42 19 (SN 21)
30 49 70 29
36 70 (SN 24) 88 42 (SN 24)
42 95 (SN 21) 127 57 (SN 21)
48 125 174 75
54 164 228 95
60 207 283 115
66 234 (SN 19) 321 140
72 279 390 165
78 336 468 19O
84 410 563 22O
90 475 647 250
96 548 747 280
Min. Pipe Wall Allowable Safe Jacking Load
Nom.
O.D. Thickness @ Pushing "Straight"
Dia. (in.) Gasket Groove (Tons)
(in.)
(in.) F of S = 3.5 F of S = 3.0 F of S = 2.5
12 13.2 .39 25 29 35
14 15.3 .41 31 36 43
16 17.4 .42 37 43 I 51
20 21.6 .46 50 60 70
24 25.8 i .60 i 80 95 i 115
30 32.0 .68 115 135 160
36 38.3 .81 ' 165 195 i 230
i
42 44.5 1.03 250 290 350
48 50,8 1.10 305 355 425
54 57.1 1.22 380 445 535
60 62.9 1.29 445 520 625
66 69.2 1.15 435 510 610
72 75.4 1.34 555 650 780
78 81.6 1.54 695 810 975
84 88.7 1.76 870 1015 1215
90 94.3 1.78 935 1090 1310
96 100.6 1.88 1055 1235 1480
Abovegmund
Applications
Appropriate pipe stiffness is a
function of the pipe support
scheme and the level of negative
operating pressure, if any. Section
12 D on aboveground installation
provides guidance on pipe sup-
port requirements for various pipe
classes and diameters. Maximum
negative pressure is as given in
the adjacent table.
Pipe Stiffness
at 75° R
(psi)
18
36
46
72
Allowable Negative Pressure*
(% of full vacuum)
25
5O
6O
100
Small diameter stiffness test.
Maximum Maximum
Sustained Maximum Maximum Factory Minimum
Pressure Operating Transient Field Test Test Burst
Class Pressure Pressure Pressure Pressure Pressure
(PN) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
0 25 35 35 50 100
50 50 70 75 100 200
100 100 140 150 200 400
150 150 210 225 300 600
200 200 280 300 400 800
250 250 350 375 500 1000
Embedment Allowable Negative Pressure (% of full vacuum)
Condition~ SN 18 SN 36 or 46 SN 72
1 50 100 100
2 25 100 100
3 5O 100
42 100
~ See Figure 3 in Section 5.
2 Pipe zone backfill foot
tamped.
Allowable Cover
Depth
See Figure 1 in section 5.
Burst pressure is regularly verified at our
factorjz
Embedment Minimum Cover (ft) for H20 Load
Condition~ SN 18 SN 36 or 46 SN 72
1 4 3 2
2 5 4 3
3 -- 5 4
4 _
-- 5
See Figure 3 in Section 5.
Buried Hobas pipes safely withstand sur-
face loads.
Abrasion
Resistance
Through comparative tests con-
ducted on several types of pipe
using sand and water, Hobas
pipes exhibited abrasion resist-
ance similar to thermoplastic
materials such as PVC and
HDPE. The abrasion resistance
(as measured in this rotating test)
for all of the plastic products in-
cluding the Hobas pipe was 5 to
10 times better than for cementi-
tious materials such as RCP, CSC
and asbestos-cement.
Pipe Design
Design calculations to compute
the performance of Hobas USA
fiberglass pipes in various condi-
tions can be generated using the
principles and equations of flexi-
ble conduit theory. These include
Spangler's deflection equation,
Molin's bending equation and
Luscher's buckling equation.
Through extensive research con-
ducted on fiberglass pipes in the
last 5 years, these equations and
others have been refined and
combined into a complete design
analysis procedure. This informa-
tion is contained in Appendix A of
the 1988 revision to AWWA Stan-
dard C950. Due to its length (ap-
proximately 40 pages) it is not
reprinted here, however copies of
the standard or the pertinent in-
formation are available upon
request.
Also, Hobas USA can provide
design calculations to demon-
strate the performance of our
pipes in specific conditions on
individual projects. This service is
available upon request when the
pipeline operating conditions are
known.
Flotation
A minimum of one diameter of
cover is needed to prevent an
empty submerged pipe from float-
ing (minimum dry bulk density of
120 pcf for cover material). Other
options may be acceptable to
restrain the pipe against flotation.
High strength Hobas pipes withstand
high pressure and heavy loads.
Several joint designs are
available to meet the require-
ments of many different applica-
tions. The FWC coupling is
normally utilized for direct bury,
aboveground and some other
installations. For sliplining,
jacking and tunnel installations
special joints are available. Joint
dimensions are given in Appen-
dix C.
Hobas USA FWC coupling.
FWC Coupling.
~ Service
Installation ~ Non-Pressure Pressure
Direct Bury FWC Coupling FWC Coupling
Low Profile Sliplining
Sliplining Bell-Spigot Coupling
Gravity Jacking Not Yet
Jacking Bell-Spigot Available
Aboveground FWC Coupling FWC Coupling
Gravity Jacking Sliplining Coupling
Tunnel Carrier Pipe Bell Spigot
FWC Coupling
* Description and
Capability
The FWC coupling is a structur-
al filament wound sleeve over-
wrapped and mechanically
locked to an internal full-face
EPDM elastomeric membrane.
The sealing design includes
both lip and compression ele-
ments so the joint is suitable for
both non-pressure and for pres-
sure service up to 250 psi. The
coupling is factory assembled to
one end of each pipe for ease
of use in the field.
Per the performance require-
ments of ASTM D4161 and Inter-
national Standards, the FWC
joint will remain leak tight from
twice the rated class pressure
to a -0.8 atmosphere vacuum
under pressure even when
angularly and vertically de-
flected. Hobas pipes, because
of their constant OD and their
centrifugally cast mold smooth
exterior surface, may be joined
with the FWC coupling at any
place along their entire length
with no preparation or machin-
lng other than chamfering of the
pipe ends.
Maximum Maximum Offset Minimum Radius
Pipe Deflection (inches) of Curvature (ft.)
Diameter Angle Section Lengths (ft.) Section Lengths (ft.)
(in.) (degrees) 5 10 20 5 10 20
12 to 14 4 4 8 16 72 143 286
3 6 12 ,,, 95 !91 382
24 to 36 2 2 4 8 143 286 573
42t~ 11/2 i 3 6 ~ , i 382 764
54 to 72 1 1 2 4 286 573 1146
78t096 3/4 , 1 V2 ,, 3 : ,7~, i i528
Note: Always join pipes in
"straight" alignment and then
offset to the desired angle
afterwards.
Pushing home Hobas FWC coupling with
a backhoe bucket.
Approx.
Coupling Coupling Maximum
Width (in) Gap (in)
FWC- 8 8 1
FWC-11 111/2 1
Nom.
Dia.
(in .)
FWC Coupling
Approximate
Average Joining
Force (lbs.)
12 800
14 950
16 1100
18
1200
20 1350
24 1600
30 2000
36 2400
2800
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
3200
3600
4OOO
4400
4800
5200
84 560O
90 6000
96 6400
Low Profile
Bell-Spigot
* Description and
Capability
The Iow profile bell-spigot joint
consists of an integral straight
bell fixed to one pipe end that
seals to the spigot end of
another pipe by compressing
an elastomeric gasket con-
tained in a groove on the spigot.
This joint is intended for sliplin-
ing applications for non-pres-
sure service. The bell O.D. is
smaller than the O.D. of the
FWC coupling. See Appendix C
for dimension details. Joining
force is substantially less than
the FWC coupling joint.
Joint Angular Deflection
Diameter (in) Max Angle
12 to 36 2°
42 to 66 1.5°
72 to 96 1°
Joining Hobas FWC coupling with inter-
nal pipe puller.
Low profile bell-spigot.
Rubber-ring-sealed slipfining bell-spigot
joints.
Jacking pipe rubber-ring-sealed flush
bell-spigot joint.
Sliplining Coupling
* Description and
Capability
The sliplining coupling joint con-
sists of a structural filament
wound sleeve overwrapped and
mechanically locked to an internal
full-face EPDM elastomeric mem-
brane. Like the FWC coupling,
the sealing design includes both
lip and compression elements, so
the joint is suitable for both non-
pressure and for pressure service
up to 250 psi for sliplining
installations.
The coupling is fixed permanently
at the factory to one end of each
pipe and is protected from sliding
abrasion by an overwrap. Each
mating spigot is chamfered at the
pipe end to aid assembly.
The joint O.D. is slightly greater
than the FWC coupling O.D. See
Appendix C for dimension details.
Joint angular deflection limits and
joining force are similar to the
FWC coupling.
Sliplining coupling.
Gravity jacking befl-spigot.
Gravity Jacking
Bell-Spigot
* Description and
Capability
The gravity jacking bell-spigot
joint consists of an integral
straight bell fixed to one pipe end
that seals to the spigot end of
another pipe by compressing an
elastomeric gasket contained in
a groove on the spigot. The joint
has approximately the same O.D.
as the pipe, so when assembled,
the joint is essentially flush with
the pipe outside surface. It is
designed for non-pressure serv-
ice in jacking installations, al-
though it may be used in non-
pressure relining applications
when Iow angular deflections can
be achieved. Maximum allowable
joint angular deflection is approx.
1.0 degree. Joining force is
substantially less than the FWC
coupling joint.
k R ~
0° to 300 >300 to 60o >600 to 900
ONE MITER TWO MITER THREE MITER
REDUCERS FLANGES
_l
CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC
TEE LATERAL BIFURCATION
Figure 4 shows the general con-
figuration of standard fiberglass
fittings, although most any mi-
tered fitting can be constructed.
These fittings are available for
non-pressure and for some pres-
sure applications. Pressure ap-
plications will require thrust re-
straints and may require full
encasement in reinforced con-
crete to resist deformation. Con-
tact Hobas USA for assistance to
determine details and require-
ments for your specific situation.
Dimensions for standard fittings
are given in Appendix E. Details
for diameter combinations and
angles not shown or for other fit-
ting shapes are available upon
request.
FIGURE 4 - Fittings
Almost any fitting configuration can be
constructed with Hobas pipe.
Hobas pipe fittings are field connected
with our standard rubber-ring-sealed
joints.
Hobas USA pipes are dimen-
sionally compatible with standard
ductile iron fittings. Corrosion pro-
tection consistent with project
conditions should be provided for
these parts, if used. Stainless
steel or fusion bonded epoxy
coated steel fittings may also be
used.
Hobas USA fiberglass fittings are
designed to join to our pipe using
our standard FWC coupling (sec-
tion 7). Adequate thrust re-
straint(s) should be provided in
pressure systems.
H obas USA fiberglass pipes
are produced by a unique cen-
trifugal casting process. The
sophisticated pipe wall structure
is built up from the outside sur-
face to the interior surface
within an external rotating mold.
While the mold is revolving at a
relatively slow speed, the pipe
raw materials of polyester resin,
reinforcing glass fibers and sand
are precisely distributed in spe-
cific layers at computer controll-
ed rates. The resin is specially
formulated to not polymerize
during the filling process. When
all the material has been posi-
tioned, the mold rotational speed
is increased to produce centrifu-
gal forces of up to 75g while the
polymerization of the resin
begins. These forces compress
the composition against the mold
causing total de-aeration and full
compaction. In a short time
thereafter, the completed, cured
pipe is removed from the mold.
The centrifugal casting process
produces a superior, high den-
sity fiberglass reinforced pipe
product. Because the process is
fully computer controlled, all
Sophisticated materials feeding process
for Hobas centrifugally cast pipe
production.
pipes of each size, stiffness and
pressure class have very con-
sistent, high quality. All pipes
also have a mold smooth exter-
ior surface and an equally
smooth, centrifugally cast in-
terior surface.
Because the pipe materials are
placed in many layers, the wall
structure can be varied to pro-
GLASS CONTENT
OUTSIDE
SURFACE
HEAVILY
REINFORCED
LAYERS
LINER INSIDE
RFACE
NON-PRESSURE PIPE WALL
duce the desired and most eco-
nomical characteristics for most
any application, pressure or
non-pressure. Typically, the rein-
forcing glass fiber layers are
predominantly positioned near
the two pipe surfaces, on both
sides of the bending neutral
axis. The intermediate spac3 is
mostly comprised of a glass-
fiber fortified sand and resin
mixture. By virtue of this "sand-
wich" construction, the pipe
wall reacts to bending like an
I-beam (Figure 5).
The centrifugal casting process
and sophisticated pipe wall
structure combine to make
Hobas USA pipes the most
technically advanced fiberglass
pipes available today.
FIGURE 5 - I-Beam Effect In
Pipe Wall Bending
Hobas USA computer controlled pipe
materials feeders in operation.
Hobas FWC coupling fabrication.
Hobas USA pipe finishing.
The constituent raw materials
and the pipe production are
routinely sampled and tested to
confirm that the desired charac-
teristics and design performance
are consistently maintained.
Raw materials quality is routinely
monitored as in this resin viscosity test.
Raw Materials
All resin shipments have certified
test results from the manufacturer
for over 10 critical characteristics,
Our laboratory randomly verifies
several of these parameters on
each delivery.
Material properties are checked to verify
designs.
The lots are checked for yield and
sizing/binder content.
Shipments are monitored for
gradation, moisture content and
impurities.
Process Control
· All process settings are prede-
termined for each size, type
and class of pipe by a multi-
parameter computer program.
· Process operation including
material placement and feed
rates is computer controlled to
eliminate human errors.
· Actual quantities of materials
fed for each pipe are mea-
sured automatically and are
compared to design mini-
mums to assure proper
strengths and other character-
istics are achieved.
Pipe materials feed rates and placement
is computer controlled.
Pipe stiffness is tested frequently to
assure high performance.
All pipes are completely inspected.
Finished Pipe
· Verifications for all pipes in-
clude pipe wall thickness, liner
thickness, degree of cure,
length and visual appearance
review of both surfaces for im-
perfections or other defects.
· Pipe production is periodically
sampled at a rate of no less
than 1 percent and tested for
stiffness, deflection character-
istics, mechanical properties
and material composition.
Product
Standards
· Hobas USA, Inc. manufactures
pipes according to the applicable
U.S. product standards as follows:
· All of these standards include
quality control requirements for:
Non-pressure Sanitary
Sewers
Sewer Force Mains
Industrial Effluents
ASTM D3262
ASTM D3754
Pressure Water
Systems
AWWA C950
· Workmanship
· Dimensions
· Pipe Stiffness
· Ring Deflection without
Cracking
· Ring Deflection without
Failure
· Hoop Tensile Strength
· Axial Tensile Strength
FIBERGLAss ~°f~SSURE PiPE
Routine testing on Hobas USA
production is conducted to assure
full compliance is maintained.
· Long-term performance and
durability is measured by extend-
ed pressure and ring bending
tests that continue for a minimum
of 10,000 hours. Tests results are
extrapolated by regression andy-
sis per ASTM D2992 to demon-
strate the 50 year capability. Safe
operating limits are established by
applying design factors as given
in Appendix A of AWWA C950.
ASTM and AWWA standards define re-
quirements for Hobas pipes for most
appfications.
Test Methods
The listed test methods are used
to measure the pipe performance
and characteristics:
ASTM D638 Tensile Properties by Coupon
ASTM D790 Flexural Properties by Coupon
ASTM D1599 Quick Burst
ASTM D2290 Tensile Strength by Split Disk
ASTM D2412 Pipe Stiffness
ASTM D2583 Barcol Hardness (cure)
ASTM D2584 Composition by Loss on Ignition
J ASTM D2992 HDB Procedure
ASTM D3567 Dimensions
ASTM D3681 Chemical Resistance - Deflected
Hobas USA pipes are acid tested per
ASTM requirements for sanitary sewers.
Direct Bury
A1.1 Trench width - The mini-
mum trench width shall provide
sufficient working room at the
sides of the pipe to permit accur-
ate placement and adequate
compaction of the pipe zone
backfill material. Suggested
minimum trench dimensions are
given in Figure 6,
A1.1.1 Wide trenches - There
is no maximum limit on trench
width, however, it is required
that the pipe zone backfill
material be placed and com-
pacted as specified for the full
width of the trench or a dis-
tance of 21/2 diameters on each
side of the pipe, whichever
is less.
A1.2 Supported Trench - When
a permanent or temporary trench
shoring is used, minimum trench
width shall be as per paragraph
A1.1 and Figure 6. When using
movable trench supports, care
should be exercised not to disturb
the pipe location, jointing or its
embedment. Removal of any
trench protection below the top of
the pipe and within 21/2 pipe dia-
meters should be prohibited after
the pipe embedment has been
compacted. For this reason, mov-
able trench supports should only
be used in either wide trench con-
struction where supports extend
below the top of the pipe or on a
shelf above the pipe with the pipe
installed in a narrow, vertical-wall
subditch. Any voids left in the
embedment material by support
removal should be carefully filled
with granular material which is
adequately compacted.
A1.3- Dewatering - Where con-
ditions are such that running or
standing water occurs in the
trench bottom or the soil in the
trench bottom displays a "quick"
tendency, the water should be
removed by pumps and suitable
means such as well points or
underdrain bedding. This system
should be maintained in opera-
tion until the backfill has been
placed to a sufficient height to
prevent pipe floatation. Care
should be taken that any under-
drain is of proper gradation and
thickness to prevent migration of
material between the underdrain,
pipe embedment and native soils
in the trench, below and at the
sides of the pipe.
Min. a (in.)
DN (in.) SPT2<-50 SPT2>50
12 to 20 6 6
24 to 30 9 6
36 to 48 12 8
54 to 66 18 12
72 to 96 24 15
Bed DN~ /4
a I
DN is nominal diameter
Standard Penetration Test Blows/fi.per
ASTM D1586.
FIGURE 6 - Standard Trench Dimensions
A1.4 Preparation of trench
bottom The trench bottom
should be constructed to provide
a firm, stable and uniform support
for the full length of the pipe. Bell
holes (Figure 7) should be pro-
vided at each joint to permit
proper joint assembly and align-
ment. Any part of the trench
bottom excavated below grade
should be backfilled to grade and
should be compacted as required
to provide firm pipe support.
When an unstable subgrade con-
dition is encountered which will
provide inadequate pipe support,
additional trench depth should be
excavated and refilled with suit-
able foundation material. In
severe conditions special founda-
tions may be required such as
wood pile or sheeting capped by
a concrete mat, wood sheeting
with keyed-in plank foundation, or
foundation material processed
with cement or chemical stabili-
zers. A cushion of acceptable
bedding material should always
be provided between any special
foundation and the pipe. Large
rock, boulders, and large stone
should be removed to provide
four inches of soil cushion on all
sides of the pipe and accessories.
Four standard embedment con-
ditions are given in Figure 8.
Others may be acceptable.
Please consult us for advice on
options.
CORRECT
X w.o.G X
Note: After joint assembly, fill the bell holes with bedding material and
compact as required.
FIGURE 7 - Bell Holes
Gravel2 ~~ii~ Bed
Gravel is defined in section 12, paragraph A3.
Sand is defined in section 12, paragraph A3.
RD is relative density per ASTM D4253.
SPD is standard proctor density per ASTM D698.
FIGURE 8 - Standard Embedment Conditions
Most coarse grained soils as
classified by ASTM D2487, Clas-
sification of Soils for Engineering
Purposes, are acceptable bed-
ding and pipe zone (embedment)
backfill materials as given in the
adjacent table.
GW, GP
Gravel Gravel or crushed rock GW-GC, GW-GM
GP-GC, GP-GM
sw, sP
Sand Sand or sand-gravel mixtures SW-SC, SW-SM
SP-SC, SP-SM
Dumped crushed rock is an ideal pipe
zone back'fill material for Hobas pipes.
bed thickness (normally four in-
ches). Loosely place the remain-
ing bedding material to achieve a
uniform soft cushion in which to
seat the pipe invert (bottom).
After joining pipes, assure that all
bell holes are filled with the ap-
propriate embedment materials
and compacted as specified.
Note - Do not use blocking to
adjust pipe grade.
A very important factor affecting
pipe performance and deflection
is the haunching material and its
density. Material should be
placed and consolidated under
the pipe (Figure 10) while avoid-
ing both vertical and lateral dis-
placement of the pipe from proper
grade and alignment.
CORRECT
X WRONG X
Maximum grain size should
typically not exceed 2 to 3 times
the pipe wall thickness or 11/2
inches whichever is smaller.
Well graded materials that will
minimize voids in the embedment
materials should be used in cases
where migration of fines in the
trench wall material into the
embedment can be anticipated.
Embedment materials should
contain no debris, foreign or
frozen materials.
FIGURE 10 - Haunching
A firm, uniform bed should be
prepared to fully support the pipe
along its entire length (Figure 9).
Bedding material should be as
specified on Figure 8 and in
paragraph A3. Bedding minimum
depth should be equal to 25% of
the nominal diameter or 6 inches,
whichever is less (Figure 6).
A firm trench bottom must be pro-
vided (see paragraphs A1.3 and
A1.4). Initially place and compact
bedding to achieve 2/3 of the total
Buried Hobas pipes are routinely im-
bedded in compacted sand.
CORRECT
FIGURE 9 - Bedding
Pipe zone (embedment) material
shall be as specified on Figure 8
and in paragraph A3. (It must be
the same as the bedding material
to prevent potential migration.)
Place and compact the embed-
ment material in lifts to achieve
the depths and densities speci-
fied on Figure 8. Little or no tamp-
lng of the initial backfill directly
over the top of the pipe should be
done to avoid disturbing the
embedded pipe.
Remaining backfill may be the
native trench material provided
clumps and boulders larger than
3 to 4 inches in size are not used
until 12 inches of pipe cover has
been achieved.
A6.1 Maximum cover depth
Maximum recommended cover
depth is given in Figure 11.
COVER EMBEDMENT CONDITION3
NATIVE SOIL 2, 5
DEPTH
(ft.) I 2 3 4
10 & < SN672
ROCK 10 to 15 SN6 36 SN646
Hard & Very Stiff Cohesive 15 to 20 SN~
72
Very Dense & Dense Granular 20 to 25 SNe46
(Blows/ft.4 > 30) 25 to 30 SN646
ALTERNATE
30 to 40 SN672 INSTALLATION~
40 to 50 ]
10 & <, SN~ 36 SN546 SN~72
Stiff Cohesive 10 to 15 SN646 SN6 72
Compact Granular 15 to 20 SN646 SN5 72
(Blows/ft ~ 16 to 30) 20 to 30 SN672 ALTERNATE
INSTALLATION7
over 30
10 & < SN6 36 or 46 SN6 72 ]
Firm Cohesive
10 to 15 SN6 72
Slightly Compact Granular
I
15 to 20 I ALTERNATE
(Blows/ft,4 8 to 15) iNSTALLATiON7
over 20
~ Assuming minimum trench width per s For soft or loose soils with blow counts less
Figure 6. than 8 use alternate installation per section 12,~ A8.
2 Blow counts should be representativee SN is nominal stiffness in psi,
of weakest condition, ? Alternate installation per section 12, ¶ AS,
~ See Figure 8,
4 Standard penetration test per ASTM D1586.
FIGURE 11 - Maximum Cover Depth]
Embedment Minimum Cover (ft) for H20 Load
Condition~ SN 18 SN 36 or 46 SN 72
1 4 3 2
2 5 4 3
3 -- 5 4
4 -- -- 5
See Figure 8.
Maximum long-term pipe deflec-
tion is 5% of the original pipe
diameter. (See Appendix G for
minimun inside diameters.)
A6.2 Minimum cover for traffic
load application -
Minimum recommended cover
depth of compacted fill above the
pipe crown prior to application of
vehicle loads is given in the above
chart. These values may be
reduced by a surface bridging
slab or pipe encasement in con-
crete or similar.
Pipe initial vertical cross-section
deflection measured within the
first 24 hours after completion of
all backfilling and removal of
dewatering systems, if used, shall
not exceed 3% of the original pipe
diameter. (See Appendix G for
minimum inside diameters.)
Alternate installations as indicated
on Figure 11, include cement
stabilized embedment, wide
trenching, permanent sheeting,
geo-tech fabrics or combinations
of these systems. Installation
design for these situations should
be engineered to satisfy the
specific conditions and cir-
cumstances that are present.
0 Sliplining
The existing sewer may be main-
tained in operation during the
relining process. Obstructions
such as roots, large joint off-sets,
rocks or other debris, etc. that
would prevent passage or
damage the liner pipe sections
must be removed or repaired prior
to installing the new pipe.
It must be determined that the
rehabilitated pipeline will be suf-
ficient structurally to carry the
overburden loads for the intend-
ed design life.
Nom. Safe Compressive Load (tons)
Dia.
"Straight" Push Slight Curve~
(in.)
SN 18 SN 36 ~SN18 _
12 -- 13 (SN 100) 7 (SN 100)
14 -- 16 (SN 80) 9 (SN 80)
16 -- 19(SN 56) 11 (SN 56)
18 -- 23(SN 46) 13(SN 46)
20 -- 26 15 (SN 36)
24 31 (SN 21) 42 19 (SN 21)
30 49 70 29
36 70 (SN 24) 88 42 (SN 24)
42 95 (SN 21) !27 57 (SN 21)~
48 125 174 75
54 164 228 95
6O 207 283 115
66 234 (SN 19) 321 140
72 279 390 165
78 336 468 190
84 410 563 220
90 475 647 250
96 548 747 280
TABLE 1 - Sliplining Pipe with Low-profile Bell-spigot
Joint Safe Compressive Load.
Liner pipes may be pushed or
pulled into the existing pipe. The
pipes must be inserted spigot end
first with the bell end trailing. The
pushing force must be applied to
the pipe wall end inside of the bell
as shown in Figure 12. DO NOT
apply the pushing load to the end
of the bell. Assure that the safe (F
of S ~, 3) jacking loads given in
Table 1 are not exceeded. Maxi-
mum allowable joint angular
deflection is given on p. 23.
Grout the annular space between
the OD of the installed liner pipe
and the ID of the existing pipe
with a cement or chemical based
grout. Minimum 28 day compres-
sive strength of the grout shall be
1000 psi or as required to assure
the structural adequacy of the
rehabilitated pipe. During grout
placement, assure that the safe
(F of S approx. 1.5) grouting
pressure given in the adjacent
box is not exceeded.
EX/STING PIPE WALL
EX/STING PIPE WALL
/- HOBAS USA PIPE
/
, ~- SLIPLINING BELL
PUSHING
OR
PULLING
RING
FIGURE 12 - Pipe Insertion
grouting = Istiffness + 3
pressure L(in psi)
(psi)
Small access pits needed for sliplining
with Hobas pipes save time, money and
surface disruption.
Jacking
A boring head begins the tunnel
excavation from an access pit and
is pushed along by an hydraulic
jacking unit that remains in the
pit. The link to the boring head is
maintained by adding jacking
pipe between the pushing unit
and the head. By this procedure,
the pipe is laid as the tunnel is
bored.
The jacking contractor must con-
trol the jacking loads within the
safe limits for the pipe given in the
adjacent table.
The overcut of the tunnel
diameter shall be as small as
possible and shall not exceed 2%
of the pipe outside diameter or
0.75", whichever is smaller.
Hobas pipes are the only inherently cor-
rosion resistant product strong enough to
safely withstand the high pushing loads
for direct jacking.
Min. Pipe Wall Allowable Safe Jacking Load
Nom.
O.D. Thickness @ Pushing "Straight"
Dia. (Tons)
(in.) (in.) Gasket Groove
(in.) F of S = 3.5F of S = 3.0F of S = 2.5
12 13.2 .39 25 29 35
14 15.3 .41 31 36 43
16 17.4 .42 37 43 51
18 19.5 .44 43 50 60
20 21.6 .46 50 60 70
24 25.8 .60 80 95 115
30 32.0 .68 115 135 160
36 38.3 .81 165 195 230
42 44.5 1.03 250 290 350
48 50.8 1.10 305 355 425
54 57.1 1.22 380 445 535
60 62.9 1.29 445 520 625
66 69.2 1.15 435 510 610
72 75.4 1.34 555 650 780
78 81.6 1.54 695 810 975
84 88.7 1.76 870 1015 1215
90 94.3 1.78 935 1090 1310
96 100.6 1.88 1055 1235 1480
Note: Pipe designs for higher jacking loads are available upon request.
MIN. PIPE JACKING PIPE
WALL T SPIGOT END
@ G.G.
PIPE O.D.
FIGURE 13-Jacking Pipe Spigot End
The maximum allowable joint
angular deflection is approximate-
ly 1.0 degree.
Aboveground
Required pipe supports con-
figuration is shown on Figures 14
& 15. Pipe diameters and classes
shown acceptable (Figure 14) for
support scheme A (Figure 15) re-
quire only one support location
per 20 ft. section. This is best ac-
complished by a single cradle
support on each FWC coupling.
These pipes may also be sup-
ported as shown in scheme B
(Figure 15) with cradles on the
pipe wall immediately adjacent to
both sides of each coupling, how-
ever the mid-point support is not
required.
Pipe diameters and classes
shown acceptable (Figure 14) for
support scheme B (Figure 15) re-
quire supports on 10 ft. centers.
This must include a double pipe
wall cradle bridging each FWC
coupling and a mid-span pipe
wall cradle support.
..* o&5o 400 450 200 250
DIA. (In.)X~ 18 [36/46 >-72 ~_18 ~- :36~-36 ~_ 72
14 & 16
18
&
20
I SCHEME B .
24'/ FIGURE 15
30 & 36
42
48 / j SCHEME A
54I FIGURE 15
60 , . NON-
66 & 72 . STANDARD
78 to 96
* PN is pipe pressure class in ps~
** SN s pipe stiffness class 'n psi
~11 Scheme B with 2 center supports
at approximately 6 ft. spacing.
FIGURE 14 - Pipe Support Configurations
(at ambient temperature)
_ I ANCHOR
MAXIMUM 20 ft, ~ STRAP
EACH FWC!
rlL ./ FWOOOOPLINGS-------~.~....j CRADLE __
SUPPORT SCHEME A
(Pipe supported on & anchored at every coupling)
M ~
:SCHEME B ;
;: :;: :(pipe SU~ on pi;pc Wall) ,,,,
FIGURE 15 - Pipe Support Spacing & Scheme
Cradles shall have a minimum
120° support arc and be dimen-
sioned as shown on Figure 16. All
cradles shall be faced with a 114"
thick rubber padding (approx. 50
to 70 durometer).
Both support schemes require
one anchored cradle (Figure 16)
for each pipe section. The anchor
strap over the pipe or coupling
shall be padded with rubber to
create maximum friction resist-
ance to pipe movement. In
support scheme A, all cradle
positions (support on FWC coupl-
ing) must be anchored. In support
scheme B, one pipe wall cradle
(near the FWC coupling) per sec-
tion should be anchored as
shown on Figure 15. At the other
cradle locations the pipe may be
restrained loosely to prevent
lateral or vertical movement, but
should not be so fixed as to
restrict axial sliding.
SUPPORT CRADLE RADIUS TO MIN. CRADLE
LOCATION RUBBER FACE W~DTH
ON 12" to 24" dia. = 3"
PIPE WALL PIPE O.D.*/2 30" to 42" dia. = 4"
(SCHEME B) 48" to 96" dia. = 6"
ON FWC COUPLING WIDTH OF FWC
(SCHEME A) FWC O.D.**/2
COUPLING (8", 10" or 111/2")~
* See Appendix B for Pipe O D. Dimensions
** See Appendix C for FWC O.D. Dimensions
FIGURE 16 - Single Cradle w/Anchor Detail
The pipe support and restraint
system must be designed to with-
stand any unbalanced thrust
forces at angularly deflected joints
or at fittings that may be devel-
oped due to pipe pressurization
and other loads caused by wind,
temperature changes, fluid
momentum, etc.
Dimensional consistency makes above
ground installations with Hobas pipe
easy.
Direct Bury
Pipes
1.1. General
All pipes, joints and fittings shall
be manufactured in accordance
with the requirements of the ap-
plicable standard given below
except as noted herein:
Service Standard
Non-pressure ASTM D3262
Sanitary Sewer
Sewer Force Main ASTM D3754
Industrial Effluents
Pressure Water AWWA C950
Systems
Pipes shall be centrifugally cast,
fiberglass-reinforced polyester
resin as manufactured by Hobas
USA, Inc. or approved equal.
Minimum pipe stiffness when
tested in accordance with ASTM
D2412 shall normally be 36 psi.
1.2 Materials
The Manufacturer shall use only
approved polyester resin systems
for which he can provide a proven
history of performance in this par-
ticular application. The historical
data shall have been acquired
from a composite material of simi-
lar construction and composition
as the proposed product.
The reinforcing glass fibers used
to manufacture the components
shall be of highest quality com-
mercial grade of E-glass filaments
with binder and sizing compatible
with impregnating resins.
Sand shall be minimum 98%
silica with a maximum moisture
content of 0.2%.
1.3 Dimensions
Pipe outside diameters shall be
in accordance with AWWA Stan-
dards C151 and C950. For
diameters larger than covered in
those documents, OD's shall be
per Appendix B.
Pipe shall be supplied in nominal
lengths of 20 feet. Actual laying
length shall be the nominal _+2
inches. At least 90% of the total
footage of each size and class of
pipe, excluding special order
lengths, shall be furnished in
nominal length sections.
1.4 Pressure Class &
Testing
The pipe nominal pressure class
(PN) shall be equal to or greater
than the maximum sustained
operating pressure of the line.
The minimum pressure rating for
non-pressure pipe shall be 25 psi.
The maximum transient (operat-
lng plus surge) pressure of the
line shall not exceed the pipe
nominal pressure class by more
than 40%.
Pipe hoop tensile strength for
pressure pipe shall be verified as
specified in the applicable stan-
dard (D3'754 or C950) or by
random burst testing at the same
sampling frequency. All pipes
shall be capable of withstanding
a test pressure of 2 times the
maximum sustained operating
pressure of the line without leak-
ing or cracking. This performance
shall be periodically verified at the
factory for pressure pipe at least
once per lot as defined in D3754,
section 7.1.
1.5 Joints
Unless otherwise specified, the
pipe shall be field connected with
fiberglass sleeve couplings that
utilize elastomeric sealing
gaskets made of EPDM rubber
compound as the sole means to
maintain joint water tightness.
The joints must meet the perfor-
mance requirements of ASTM
D4161.
1.6 Fittings
Flanges, elbows, reducers, tees,
wyes, laterals and other fittings
shall, when installed, be capable
of withstanding all operating con-
ditions. Acceptable configurations
include contact molded or mit-
ered fiberglass, properly protect-
ed standard ductile iron, fusion
bonded epoxy coated steel and
stainless steel constructions.
Unbalanced thrust forces shall be
restrained with thrust blocks or
other approved suitable methods.
Fiberglass tees, wyes, laterals, or
other similar fittings shall be fully
encased in reinforced concrete
designed to withstand the pres-
sure forces.
1.7 Installation
Installation requirements are
defined in section 12A.
1.8 Leakage Tests
1.8.1 Infiltration/Exfiltration
Test -Maximum allowable leak-
age shall be 25 gallons per inch
of pipe diameter per 24 hours per
mile of sewer.
1.8.2 Low pressure air test -
Pressurize restrained, sealed
system to 3.5 psig. Maintain the
pressure at 3.5 psig while the air
temperature stabilizes. The
system passes the test if the pres-
sure drop after stabilization is 0.5
psig or less during the time per-
iods given below.
DN (in.) Time (min.)
12 7~/2
14 83/4
16 10
18 11~/4
20 12~/2
24 15
30 183/4
36 22~/2
42 26~/4
48 30
54 333/4
60 37~/2
66 41 ~/4
72 45
78 483/4
84 52~/2
90 561/4
96 60
1.8.3 Pressure pipes may be
field tested after completion of
the installation (including required
thrust restraints) at a maximum
pressure of 1.5 times the system
operating pressure not to exceed
1.5 x PN. Prior to testing, assure
that all work has been properly
completed as follows:
· Pipe deflections are within the
limits defined in section 12 A7.
· Thrust restraints are in place
and are properly cured.
· Backfilling has been finished.
· Valves and pumps are ade-
quately anchored.
· Joints are properly assembled.
When filling the line, assure that
all air is expelled to avoid danger-
ous build-up of compressed air
potential energy. Pressurize the
line slowly, so pressure surges ex-
ceeding the test pressure are not
developed. Check for leaks when
the test pressure has stabilized.
No leakage is acceptable.
Sliplining Pipes
2.1 General
All pipes and joints shall be
manufactured in accordance with
the requirements of the applic-
able standard given below except
as noted herein:
Service Standard
Non-pressure ASTM D3262
Sanitary Sewer
Sewer Force Main
ASTM D3754
Industrial Effluents
Pressure Water
AWWA C950
Systems
Pipes shall be centrifugally cast
fiberglass-reinforced polyester
resin as manufactured by Hobas
USA, Inc. or approved equal.
Minimum pipe stiffness shall be
18 psi when tested in accordance
with ASTM D2412.
2.2 Materials
The Manufacturer shall use only
approved polyester resin systems
for which he can provide a proven
history of performance in this par-
ticular application. The historical
data shall have been acquired
from a composite material of simi-
lar construction and composition
as the proposed product.
The reinforcing glass fibers used
to manufacture the components
shall be of highest quality com-
mercial grade of E-glass filaments
with binder and sizing compatible
with impregnating resins.
Sand shall be minimum 98%
silica with a maximum moisture
content of 0.2%.
2.3 Dimensions
Pipe outside diameters shall be
in accordance with AWVVA Stan-
dards C151 and C950. For
diameters larger than covered in
those documents, OD's shall be
per Appendix B.
Pipe shall be supplied in nominal
lengths of 20 feet, when possible.
Where radius curves in the exist-
ing pipe or limitations in the entry
pit dimensions restrict the pipe to
shorter lengths, nominal sections
of 10 feet or other even divisions
of 20 feet shall be used.
Actual laying length shall be the
nominal length -+2 inches. At
least 90% of the total footage of
each size and class of pipes, ex-
cluding special order lengths,
shall be furnished in nominal
length sections.
2.4 Pressure Class &
Testing
The pipe nominal pressure class
(PN) shall be equal to or greater
than the maximum sustained
operating pressure of the line.
The minimum pressure rating for
non-pressure pipe shall be 25 psi.
The maximum transient (operat-
ing plus surge) pressure of the
line shall not exceed the pipe
nominal pressure class by more
than 40%.
Pipe hoop tensile strength for
pressure pipe shall be verified as
specified in the applicable stan-
dard (D3754 or C950) or by
random burst testing at the same
sampling frequency. All pipes
shall be capable of withstanding
a test pressure of 2 times the
maximum sustained operating
pressure of the line without leak-
ing or cracking. This performance
shall be periodically verified at the
factory for pressure pipe at least
once per lot as defined in D3754,
section 7.1.
2.5 Joints
Unless otherwise specified, non-
pressure pipe shall be field con-
nected with Iow-profile fiberglass
bell spigot joints and pressure
pipes shall be field connected
with overwrapped fiberglass
sleeve couplings. Either joint
must utilize elastomeric sealing
gaskets as the sole means to
maintain joint water tightness and
both must meet the performance
requirements of ASTM D4161.
2.6 Installation
Installation requirements are
defined in section 12B.
Jacking Pipes
3.1. General
All pipes, joints and fittings shall
be manufactured in accordance
with the requirements of the ap-
plicable standard given below
except as noted herein:
Service Standard
Non-pressure ASTM D3262
Sanitary Sewer
Sewer Force Main ASTM D3754
industrial Effluents
Pressure Water AWWA C950
Systems
Pipes shall be centrifugally cast,
fiberglass-reinforced polyester
resin as manufactured by Hobas
USA, Inc. or approved equal.
3.2Materials
The Manufacturer shall use only
approved polyester resin systems
for which he can provide a proven
history of performance in this par-
ticular application. The historical
data shall have been acquired
from a composite material of simi-
lar construction and composition
as the proposed product.
The reinforcing glass fibers used
to manufacture the components
shall be of highest quality com-
mercial grade of E-glass filaments
with binder and sizing compatible
with impregnating resins.
Sand shall be minimum 98%
silica with a maximum moisture
content of 0.2%.
3.3 Dimensions
Pipe outside diameters shall be
in accordance with AWWA Stan-
dards C151 and C950. For
diameters larger than covered in
those documents, OD's shall be
per Appendix B.
Pipe shall be supplied in nominal
lengths of 10 or 20 feet. Actual lay-
ing length shall be the nominal
+_2 inches. At least 90% of the
total footage of each size and
class of pipe, excluding special
order lengths, shall be furnished
in nominal length sections.
Minimum pipe wall thickness
measured at the bottom of the
spigot gasket groove where the
wall cross-section has been
reduced, is determined from the
maximum allowable jacking load
and shall not be less than given
in the table in Section 12C, p. 38.
Wall thicknesses for other jacking
loads are available upon request.
Minimum factor of safety against
jacking force is 2.5.
3.4 Pressure Class &
Testing
The pipe nominal pressure class
(PN) shall be equal to or greater
than the maximum sustained
operating pressure of the line.
The minimum pressure rating for
non-pressure pipe shall be 25 psi.
The maximum transient (operat-
ing plus surge) pressure of the
line shall not exceed the pipe
nominal pressure class by more
than 40%.
Pipe hoop tensile strength for
pressure pipe shall be verified as
specified in the applicable stan-
dard (D3754 or C950) or by
random burst testing at the same
sampling frequency. All pipes
shall be capable of withstanding
a test pressure of 2 times the
maximum sustained operating
pressure of the line without leak-
ing or cracking. This performance
shall be periodically verified at the
factory for pressure pipe at least
once per lot as defined in D3754,
section 7.1.
3.5 Joints
Unless otherwise specified, the
pipe shall be field connected with
sleeve couplings or bell spigot
joints that utilize elastomeric seal-
ing gaskets as the sole means to
maintain joint water tightness.
The joint shall have approximately
the same O.D. as the pipe, so
when the pipes are assembled,
the joints are essentially flush with
the pipe outside surface.
3.6 Installation
Installation requirements are
defined in section 12C.
Aboveground
Pipe
4.1. General
All pipes, joints and fittings shall
be manufactured in accordance
with the requirements of the ap-
plicable standard given below
except as noted herein:
Service Standard
Non-pressure ASTM D3262
Sanitary Sewer
Sewer Force Main
ASTM D3754
Industrial Effluents
Pressure Water
Systems AWWA C950
Pipes shall be centrifugally cast,
fiberglass-reinforced polyester
resin as manufactured by Hobas
USA, Inc. or approved equal.
Minimum pipe stiffness when
tested in accordance with ASTM
D2412 shall be 18 psi.
4.2 Materials
The Manufacturer shall use only
approved polyester resin systems
for which he can provide a proven
history of performance in this par-
ticular application. The historical
data shall have been acquired
from a composite material of simi-
lar construction and composition
as the proposed product.
The reinforcing glass fibers used
to manufacture the components
shall be of highest quality com-
mercial grade of E-glass filaments
with binder and sizing compatible
with impregnating resins.
Sand shall be minimum 98%
silica with a maximum moisture
content of 0.2%.
4.3 Dimensions
Pipe outside diameters shall be
in accordance with AWWA Stan-
dards C151 and C950. For
diameters larger than covered in
those documents, OD's shall be
per Appendix B.
Pipe shall be supplied in nominal
lengths of 20 feet. Actual laying
length shall be the nominal _+2
inches. At least 90% of the total
footage of each size and class of
pipe, excluding special order
lengths, shall be furnished in
nominal length sections.
4.4 Pressure Class &
Testing
The pipe nominal pressure class
(PN) shall be equal to or greater
than the maximum sustained
operating pressure of the line.
The minimum pressure rating for
non-pressure pipe shall be 25 psi.
The maximum transient (operat-
ing plus surge) pressure of the
line shall not exceed the pipe
nominal pressure class by more
than 40%.
Pipe hoop tensile strength for
pressure pipe shall be verified as
specified in the applicable stan-
dard (D3754 or C950) or by
random burst testing at the same
sampling frequency. All pipes
shall be capable of withstanding
a test pressure of 2 times the
maximum sustained operating
pressure of the line without leak-
ing or cracking. This performance
shall be periodically verified at the
factory for pressure pipe at least
once per lot as defined in D3754,
section 7.1.
4.5 Joints
Unless otherwise specified, the
pipe shall be field connected with
fiberglass sleeve couplings that
utilize elastomeric sealing
gaskets made of EPDM rubber
compound as the sole means to
maintain joint water tightness.
The joints must meet the perfor-
mance requirements of ASTM
D4161.
4.6 Fittings
Flanges, elbows, reducers, tees,
wyes, laterals and other fittings
shall, when installed, be capable
of withstanding all operating con-
ditions. Acceptable configurations
include contact molded or mit-
ered fiberglass, properly protect-
ed standard ductile iron, fusion
bonded epoxy coated steel and
stainless steel constructions.
Unbalanced thrust forces shall be
restrained with thrust blocks or
other approved suitable methods.
4.7 Installation
Installation requirements are
defined in section 12D.
Class SN 18' (minimum pipe stiffness of 18 psi)
Nominal pi~e ' '
piPe 0/18 50/18 100/~8
OiD, min Weight min. weight
~lze '
(in i (in,) (Ib/ft) Wallt (Ih/fi) wallt (lb/fi)
· (in) (in) (in)
12 13.20 .23 8 .22 8 .21 8
14 15.30 .26 11 .25 11 .24 10
16 17.40 .29 14 .28 14 .27 13
18 19.50 .31 16 .30 16 .29 15
20 21.60 .34 19 .33 19 .32 18
24 25.80 .40 26 .38 25 .37 24
30 32.00 .48 39 .46 38 .45 37
36 38.30 .57 56 .55 54 .53 52
42 44.50 .65 74 .63 72 .61 70
48 50.80 .74 96 .71 92 .69 90
54 57.10 .83 124 .79 118 .77 115
60 62.90 .91 150 .87 144 .84 139
66 69.20 .99 181 .96 175 .92 168
72 75.40 1.08 214 1.04 206 1.00 198
78 81.60 1.16 252 1.12 243 1.08 235
84 88.66 1.25 293 1.20 282 1.16 273
90 94.30 1.34 337 1.29 325 1.24 312
96 100.60 1.42 381 1.37 368 1.32 355
* Normally not available for direct bury.
** Maximum nominal working pressure in psi.
Class SN 36 (minimum pipe stiffness of 36 psi)
Pipe ::0/36 50/36; : ;100/36 ;; 150/36 200/36
Pi e weight
~!P O.D: min weinht rain ~ht rain weight mini weight min.
~lze ~ ~ I
(in) (in,) wallt (lb/fi)wallt wallt (lb/fi) wellt (b/fi) wallt (lb/fi)
· (in)(in) (in) (in) (in)
12 13.20 .28 10 .27 10 .26 9 .25 9 .24 9
14 15.30 .32 13 .31 13 .30 12 .29 12 .28 12
16 17.40 .35 16 .34 16 .33 16 .32 15 .31 15
18 19.50 .39 19 .38 19 .37 18 .35 18 .34 17
20 21.60 .42 22 .41 22 .40 21 .39 21 .37 20
24 25.80 .50 32 .49 31 .47 30 .45 29 .43 28
30 32.00 .61 50 .59 48 .57 47 .55 45 .52 43
36 38.30 .72 71 .70 69 .68 67 .66 65 .62 61
42 44.50 .83 95 .81 92 .78 89 .76 87 .71 81
48 50.80 .94 123 .92 120 .88 115 .86 113 .81 106
54 57.10 1.05 155 1.03 153 .99 147 .96 143 .90 134
60 62.90 1.15 190 1.13 187 1.09 180 1.05 174 .99 164
66 69.20 1.26 230 1.24 227 1.19 218 1.15 211
72 75.40 1.37 272 1.34 266 1.29 256 1.25 248
78 81.60 1.48 322 1.45 316 1.40 305 1.35 294
84 88.66 1.59 373 1.56 366 1.50 352
90 94.30 1.70 427 1.67 420 1.61 405
96 100.60 1.81 485 1.78 477 1.71 459
* Maximum nominal working pressure in psi.
Class SN 46 (minimum pipe stiffness of 46 psi)
Class PN*ISN
Nominal Pipe 0/46 50/46 100/46 150146 200146
Pipe Size O.D, min. weight min. weight min. weight min. weight min. weight
(ira) (in.) Wall t (lb/fi) Wall t (lb/fi) Wall t (lb/fi) wall t (lb/fi) Wall t (lb/fi)
(,in) (in) (in) (in) (in)
12 13.20 .30 11 .29 10 .28 10 .27 10 .26 9
14 15.30 .34 14 .33 14 .32 13 .31 13 .30 13
16 17.40 .38 18 .37 17 .36 17 .35 16 .33 16
18 19.50 .42 21 .41 20 .40 20 .38 19 .37 19
20 21.60 .46 25 .45 24 .43 24 .42 23 .40 22
24 25.80 .54 35 .53 34 .51 33 .49 31 .47 30
30 32.00 .66 54 .65 53 .62 51 .60 49 .57 47
36 38.30 .78 77 .77 76 .74 73 .71 70 .68 67
42 44.50 .90 104 .88 101 .85 98 .82 94 .78 89
48 50.80 1.02 134 1.00 131 .96 126 .93 122 .88 115
54 57.10 1.14 169 1.12 166 1.08 160 1.04 155 .99 147
60 62.90 1.26 209 1.23 204 1.19 197 1.14 188 1.09 180
66 69.20 1.38 249 1.35 243 1.30 234 1.25 228
72 75.40 1.50 298 1.47 292 1.41 280 1.36 270
78 81.60 1.62 352 1.58 343 1.52 331 1.47 320
84 88.66 1.74 409 1.70 399 1.64 385
90 94.30 1.86 468 1.82 458 1.75 440
96 100.60 1.98 531 1.94 520 1.87 501
* Maximum nominal working pressure in psi.
Class SN 72 (minimum pipe stiffness of 72 psi)
Class PN*/SN
Nominal Pipe 0n &50~ 100/72 150/72 200/72 250/72
pipe
O,D. minI weight
i min, weight min. weight min. weight min. weight
Size
(in,) (in.) Wall t (lb/fi) t (lb/fi) wail t (Ib/ft) Wall t (Ib/ft) Wall t (lb/fi)
(in) (in) (in) (in) (in)
12 13.20 .34 12 .33 12 .32 11 .31 11 .30 11
14 15.30 .39 16 .38 15 .36 15 .35 14 .34 14
16 17.40 .44 20 .42 19 .41 19 .39 18 .38 18
18 19.50 .48 24 .46 23 .45 23 .43 22 .42 22
20 21.60 .53 30 .51 29 .49 28 .48 27 .46 26
24 25.80 .63 42 .60 40 .58 38 .56 37 .54 35
30 32.00 .77 64 .73 61 .71 59 .69 57 .67 55
36 38.30 .91 90 .87 86 .84 83 .81 80
42 44.50 1.05 122 1.00 116 .97 112 .94 109
48 50.80 1.19 158 1.14 151 1.10 145 1.06 140
54 57.10 1.33 198 1.27 189 1.23 183 1.19 177
60 62.90 1.47 246 1.40 234 1.35 225 1.31 218
66 69.20 1.61 292 1.54 279 1.48 268
72 75.40 1.75 348 1.67 332 1.61 320
78 81.60 1.89 412 1.81 394 1,74 378
84 88.66 2.03 477 1.95 458
90 94.30 2.17 546 2.08 523
96 100,60 2.31 620 2.22 595
* Maximum nominal working pressure in psi.
250
Coupling
Spigots
12 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.1 14.0 13.2
14 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.2 16.0 15.3
16 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.3 18.2 17.4
18 21.3 21.3 21.3 21.3 21.4 20.3 19.5
20 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.6 22.4 21.6
24 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.7 27.9 26.6 25.8
30 33.9 33.9 34.0 34.2 34.4 32.8 32.0
36 40.2 40.2 40.4 40.6 39.1 38.3 FWC
42 46.4 46.4 46.7 47.1 45.3 44.5
48 52.8 52.9 53.2 53.6 51.6 50.8 OD's
54 59.2 59.4 59.8 60.1 58.0 57.1
60 65.4 65.7 66.1 66.5 63.7 62.9 Plus
66 71.6 72.0 72.4 70.0 69.2
72 77.9 78.3 78.8 76.4 75.4 0.4
78 84.2 84.7 85.3 82.6 81.6
84 91.4 92.0 89.7 88.7
90 97.1 97.8 95.3 94.3
96 103.5 104.2 101.6 100.6
Pipe Size FWC Couphng
(in,) PN0
PN 150 PN 100 PN 150 PN 200 PN 250
12 14 14 14 14 15
14 16 16 16 16 17
16 18 18 18 18 20
18 20 20 20 20 28
20 22 22 22 29 32
24 27 27 34 37 42
30 45 45 46 52 70
36 53 53 58 67
42 62 62 73 94
48 71 74 89 126
54 80 87 129 150
60 108 125 153 180
66 119 144 178
72 130 161 200
78 141 181 229
84 152 203
90 168 229
96 180 253
Material properties of Hobas
USA pipes exceed the require-
ments of ASTM D3262 for non-
pressure applications and of
AWWA C950 for pressure service.
Actual properties vary depending
on pressure and stiffness class.
The following range of values
covers most all pipe construc-
tions. For values specific to indi-
vidual pipes contact Hobas USA,
Inc.
E-Modulus~ (106 psi):
* Circumferential Flexural
* Circumferential Tensile
* Axial Tensile
Strength~ (103 psi):
* Circumferential Tensile
* Axial Tensile
* Compressive
Thermal Coefficient of Linear
Expansion (axial)
PN 0 PN 50 to 250
1.0 to 1.6 1.3 to 2.4
-- 0.5 to 2.8
0.4 to 0.6 0.4 to 1.7
-- 7.0 to 33.0
1.4 to 2.1 1.4 to 6.4
10.0 13.3
16 x 10'6 in./in./°F.
Note I - Values given are for the reinforced wall (ie. Liner is not included.)
Flow factors vary somewhat with
pipe diameter and flow rate. The
following values have been found
to be typically representative long-
term and are commonly used.
* ~ ' [ 155
Hazen-Will!ams "C"
, Manning,sI "n" 0.009
, 11 E1 Fiberglass Elbows
30° ~ O(2 ~ 60°
O{2 ~ 30° R
~ L
60° ~ ~ ~ 90Q
E1 Fiberglass Elbows
ON R L (in.)for,OC
p~
(in.) (in.) 11~° 221/2° 30° 45° 60° 90°
12 18 15 16 16 20 22 30
14 21 17 18 18 23 25 34 250
16 24 19 20 20 25 28 38
18 27 18 19 20 25 30 40 200
20 30 18 19 20 26 31 42
175
24 36 20 21 22 28 33 48
30 42 20 22 23 31 36 54 150
36 48 20 22 24 33 39 60 125
42 54 23 25 26 37 43 66
100
48 60 23 25 27 39 46 72
54 66 23 26 28 41 49 78
60 70 24 27 29 43 51 84
66 75 24 27 30 45 54 90
72 80 26 30 33 48 56 96 75
78 84 28 33 36 51 60 102
84 90 30 34 37 54 64 108
90 95 32 37 40 57 68 114
96 100 35 40 44 60 72 120
Note 1: L must be increased if
the design pressure exceeds R
E2 Fiberglass Tees
E2 Fiberglass Tees
12 12 48 24 ......
14 14 48 24 12 48 24 ~ -- --
16 16 54 27 14 54 27 12 54 27
18 18 60 30 16 60 30 14 60 30
20 20 60 30 18 60 30 16 60 30
24 24 66 33 20 66 33 18 60 33
30 30 72 36 24 66 36 20 66 36
36 36 81 40 30 75 40 24 69 40
42 42 90 45 36 84 45 30 78 45
48 48 99 48 42 93 48 36 87 48
54 54 108 54 48 102 54 42 96 54
60 60 114 57 54 108 57 48 102 57
66 66 120 60 60 114 60 54 108 60
72 72 126 63 66 120 63 60 114 63
78 78 138 69 72 132 69 66 126 66
84 84 144 72 78 138 72 72 132 69
90 90 156 78 84 150 78 78 144 75
96 96 168 84 90 162 84 84 156 81
* Dimensions for other combinations of DN and DN 1 are available upon re( uest.
E3 Fiberglass Reducers
NOTE: Length of tapered portion is 1.5 x (DN - DN 1).
E3 Fiberglass Reducem
14 12 36 ......
16 14 42 12 45 ....
18 16 42 14 45 12 48 -- --
20 18 48 16 51 14 54 12 57
24 20 54 18 57 16 60 14 63
30 24 60 20 66 18 69 16 72
36 30 66 24 75 20 81 18 84
42 36 72 30 81 24 90 20 96
48 42 72 36 81 30 90 24 99
54 48 72 42 81 36 90 30 99
60 54 72 48 81 42 90 36 99
66 60 72 54 81 48 90 42 99
72 66 72 60 81 54 90 48 99
78 72 72 66 81 60 90 54 99
84 78 72 72 81 66 90 60 99
90 84 72 78 81 72 90 66 99
96 90 72 84 81 78 90 72 99
* Dimensions for other combinations of DN and DN 1 are available upon request.
E4 Flanges
L--
E4 Flanges
Minimum
Minimum Minimum Number Bolt Bolt Bolt
DN
(in.) L O,D. of Flange of Cimle Diameter Hole
(in.) steel FRP Bolts Diameter (in.) Diameter
(in.) (in.) (in.) (in.)
12 24 19.00 19.50 12 17.00 .875 1.000
14 24 21.00 21.50 12 18.75 1.000 1.125
16 24 23.50 24.00 16 21.25 1.000 1.125
18 24 25.00 25.50 16 22.75 1.125 1.250
20 30 27.50 27.75 20 25.00 1.125 1.250
24 30 32.00 32.75 20 29.50 1.250 1.375
30 36 38.75 39.25 28 36.00 1.250 1.375
36 36 46.00 46.50 32 42.75 1.500 1.625
42 42 53.00 53.25 36 49.50 1.500 1.625
48 48 59.50 59.75 44 56. O0 1. 500 1. 625
54 48 66.25 67.00 44 62.75 1. 750 1. 875
60 48 73. O0 73.50 52 69.25 1. 750 1. 875
66 48 80. O0 80.50 52 76. O0 1. 750 1. 875
72 48 86.50 87.00 60 82.50 1.750 1.875
78 48 93.00 94.00 64 89.00 2.000 2.125
84 48 99.75 100.50 64 95.50 2.000 2.125
90 48 106.50 107.50 68 102.00 2.250 2.375
96 48 113.25 114.25 68 108.50 2.250 2.375
Notes: 1) Flange drilling dimensions are according to AWWA C207 Class D (150 psi) and ANSI B16.1 (125 psi)
2) Fiberglass reinforced polyester flanges are available for non-pressure and some pressure applications.
Protected ductile iron, fusion bonded epoxy coated steel or stainless steel flanges may be used at any
pressure.
Introduction
The following guide is a compila-
tion of corrosion resistance infor-
mation obtained from resin manu-
facturers and actual test results
on our pipe. The recommenda-
tions are believed to represent
acceptable continuous environ-
ments for satisfactory long-term
pipe performance, however indi-
vidual project conditions should
be considered when selecting the
appropriate product construction.
Also, pressure and stiffness
ratings may be reduced at ele-
vated temperatures. It is our inten-
tion to assist the design engineer
as much as possible in making
these evaluations.
Chemicals
Chemicals not listed on the follow-
ing pages have probably not been
tested with our pipe materials by
the date of this publication. Con-
tact us for new information.
Temperature
The recommended maximum
temperature given is not always
the absolute maximum accept-
able service temperature. It is the
highest temperature at which a
resin or product has been tested,
used or evaluated. A product may
be suitable for higher temperature
operation, but additional informa-
tion or testing would be required
in order to establish such perfor-
mance.
Coupling Gaskets
The standard FWC coupling
gasket material is EPDM. This
elastomeric compound exhibits
superior chemical and tempera-
ture resistance and it is suitable
for a wide variety of environments
including sanitary sewage, water,
salt water, many acids, bases,
salts and other chemicals. How-
ever, EPDM is sensitive to some
chemicals such as many chlori-
nated and aromatic solvents.
Alternate gasket materials may
be available for these situations.
We would be pleased to assist
you in the selection of an ap-
propriate gasket material and in
the establishment of specific
limitations for temperature and
concentration based on your in-
dividual application.
Abbreviations & Symbols
Std. (Standard) - Std. refers to
our standard pipe constructed
with thermosetting polyester
resins.
VE (Vinyl Ester) - VE refers to
Hobas pipes constructed using
thermosetting vinyl ester resins.
NR (Not Recommended) - Pro-
duct of this construction is not rec-
ommended for continuous ser-
vice in this environment.
- (Dash) - A dash (-) symbol indi-
cates no data is currently avail-
able.
A
Acetaldehyde
Acetic Acid
Acetic Anhydride
Acetone
Acrylic Acid
Acrylonitrile
Alcohol, Butyl
Alcohol, Ethyl
Alcohol, Isopropyl
Alcohol, Methyl
Alcohol, Methyl Isobutyl
All NR NR
0-25 -- 150
25-50 -- 150
50-75 -- --
All NR NR
100 NR NR
25 -- 100
All NR NR
All NR --
10 80 150
100 -- --
10 8O 150
100 NR --
10 NR --
100 NR NR
10 NR 150
~ncentration Tem~ure
; ,,
v.,
Alcohol,
Secondary Butyl 10 NR 150
Allyl Chloride All NR NR
Alum All 100 210
Aluminum Chloride All 100 210
Aluminum Fluoride All -- 80
Aluminum Hydroxide All NR 150
Aluminum Nitrate All 100 150
Aluminum Potassium
Sulfate All 90 210
Ammonia, Aqueous 0-20 NR 140
Ammonia, Gas NR 100
Ammonia, Liquid NR NR
Ammonium Bicarbonate 0-50 NR 150
Ammonium Bisulfite All -- 150
Ammonium Carbonate All NR 150
! !
~ntm n Tem~rature
chemical % aY ~ight
Ammonium Chloride All 90 210
Ammonium Citrate All -- 150
Ammonium Fluoride All -- 150
Ammonium Hydroxide 5 NR 150
10 NR 150
20 NR 150
29 NR 100
Ammonium Nitrate All 90 180
Ammonium Persulfate All NR 180
Ammonium Phosphate 65 90 210
Ammonium Sulfate All 90 210
Amyl Acetate 100 NR NR
Aniline All NR NR
Aniline Hydrochloride All -- 150
Aniline Sulfate All NR 210
Arsenious Acid All -- --
B
Barium Acetate All NR 210
Barium Carbonate All NR 210
Barium Chloride All 100 210
Barium Hydroxide 0-10 NR 150
Barium Sulfate All 90 210
Barium Sulfide All NR 180
Beer 80 120
Benzene 100 NR NR
5% Benzene in Kerosene -- --
Benzene Sulfonic Acid All NR 210
Benzoic Acid All -- 210
Benzyl Alcohol 100 NR NR
Benzyl Chloride 100 NR NR
Black Liquor Recovery,
furnace gasses) NR --
Bromine, Liquid NR NR
Bromine, Water 5 NR --
Butyl Acetate 100 NR NR
Butyric Acid 0-50 -- --
100 NR --
C
Cadmium Chloride All -- 180
Calcium Bisulfite All -- 180
Calcium Carbonate All NR 180
Calcium Chlorate All -- 210
Calcium Chloride All 100 210
Calcium Hydroxide All NR 180
Calcium Hypochlorite All NR 160
Calcium Nitrate All 100 210
Calcium Sulfate All 90 210
Calcium Sulfite All -- 180
Maximum
Recommended
Concentration Temperature q:.
:chemical % By Weight Std. VE
Cane Sugar Liquor All
Caprylic Acid 100
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Monoxide (gas)
Carbon Tetrachloride 100
Carbon Acid
Carbowax --
Castor Oil
Carboxy Methyl
Cellulose 10
Chlorinated Brine
Liquors
(caustic chlorine cell)
Chlorinated Wax All
Chlorine Dioxide/Air 15
Chlorine Dioxide,
Wet Gas Satd.
Chlorine, Dry Gas 100
Chlorine, Wet Gas 100
Chloroine, Liquid
Chlorine Water All
Chloracetic Acid 25
50
Con.
100
100
100
20
30
All
All
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chlorosulfonic Acid
Chromic Acid
Chromium Sulfate
Citric Acid
Coconut Oil
Copper Chloride
Copper Cyanide
Copper Fluoride
Copper Nitrate
Copper Sulfate
Corn Oil
Corn Starch
Corn Sugar
Cottonseed Oil
Cresylic Acid
Crude Oil, Sour
Crude Oil, Sweet
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanone
-- 180
-- 180
100 210
NR NR
100 210
NR --
-- 210
-- 150
All
All
All
All
All
Slurry
All
100
100
100
100
100
-- 180
NR --
NR 180
NR 210
NR 210
NR NR
NR --
NR --
NR --
NR NR
NR NR
NR NR
NR NR
NR --
NR NR
100 210
-- 210
100 210
NR 210
NR 210
100 210
100 210
-- 210
-- 210
-- 210
-- 210
NR NR
80 210
80 210
NR --
NR --
D
Detergents, Sulfonated All -- --
Dialfyl Phthalate All -- --
Di-Ammonium
Phosphate 65 -- 210
Dibromophenol 100 NR NR
Dibutyl Ether 100 -- --
Dichloro Benzene 100 NR NR
Dichloroethylene 100 NR NR
Dichloromonomethane 100 NR NR
Dichloropropane 100 NR NR
Dichloropropene 100 NR NR
Diesel Fuel 100 90 180
Diethanol Amine 100 -- --
Diethyl Amine 100 NR NR
Diethyl Benzene 100 NR --
Diethyl Carbonate 100 NR NR
Diethylene Glycol 100 -- --
Diethylhexyl Phosphoric
Acid (in Kerosene) 20 -- 120
Diethyl Sulfate 100 NR NR
Diisopropanol Amine 100 -- --
Dimethyl Formamide 100 NR NR
Dimethyl Morpholine 100 NR NR
Dimethyl Phthalate 100 NR --
Dioctyl Phthalate 100 NR --
Dipropylene Glycol 100 -- --
E
Electrosol 5 -- 150
Epichlorohydrin 100 NR NR
Epoxidized Soybean Oil 100 -- 150
Ethyl Acetate 100 NR NR
Ethyl Acrylate 100 NR NR
Ethyl Benzene 100 NR NR
Ethyl Bromide 100 NR NR
Ethyl Chloride 100 NR NR
Ethyl Ether 100 NR NR
Ethylene Glycol All 90 210
Ethyl Sulfate 100 -- --
F
Fatty Acids All -- 210
Ferric Chloride All 100 210
Ferric Nitrate All 100 210
Ferric Sulfate All 100 210
Ferrous Chloride All 100 210
Ferrous Nitrate All 100 210
Ferrous Sulfate
Flue Gas
Fluoboric Acid
Fluosilisic Acid
Formaldehyde
Formic Acid
Freon II
Fuel Oil
Furfural
Gas, Natural
Gluconic Acid
Glucose
Glycerine
Gold Plating Solution:
63% Potassium
Ferrocyanide
.2% Potassium Gold
Cyanide
.8% Sodium Cyanide
All 100 210
All 80 180
10 80 210
20 -- 180
10 70 180
All NR 100
100 90 180
100 NR NR
-- 210
50 -- 180
All 100 210
All 90 210
-- 180
H
Heptane
Hexane
Hexylene Glycol
Hydraulic Fluid
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric Acid
0-20
20-37
-- 150
-- 150
-- 150
-- 210
NR NR
NR 210
NR 180
Hydrochloric Acid
saturated with
Chlorine gas 30 NR --
Hydrocyanic Acid All -- 180
Hydrofluoric Acid 10 NR 150
2O NR 100
Hydrofluosilicic Acid 10 -- 180
Hydrogen Bromide
Wet Gas 100 -- 180
Hydrogen Chloride
Dry Gas 100 -- 210
Hydrogen Chloride
Wet Gas 100 -- 210
Hydrogen Peroxide 0-30 NR 150
Hydrogen Sulfide, Dry All 100 210
Hydrogen Sulfide,
Aqueous All 100 210
Hydrogen Fluoride,
Vapor -- 180
Hydrosulfite Bleach -- 180
Hypochlorous Acid 10 -- 180
20 NR 150
I
Isopropyl Amine
Isopropyl Palmitate
K
Kerosene
L
All -- 100
100 -- 210
-- 180
Lactic Acid All -- 210
Lasso*
(50% Chlorobenzene) NR NR
Latex All -- --
Laurel Chloride 100 -- 210
Lauric Acid All -- 210
Lead Acetate All -- 210
Lead Nitrate All -- 210
Levulinic Acid All -- 210
Linseed Oil -- 210
Lithium Bromide All -- 210
Lithium Sulfate All -- 210
M
Magnesium Bisulfite All
Magnesium Carbonate All
Magnesium Chloride All
Magnesium Hydroxide All
Magnesium Sulfate All
Maleic Acid All
Mercuric Chloride All
Mercurous Chloride All
Methylene Chloride 100
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 100
Methyl Isobutyl Carbitol 100
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 100
Methyl Styrene 100
Mineral Oils
Monochloro Acetic Acid 100
Monoethynolamine 100
Motor Oil
Myristic Acid 100
N
Naphtha 100
Naphthalene 100
Nickel Chloride All
-- 180
-- 180
100 210
NR 210
100 210
-- 210
100 210
80 210
NR NR
NR NR
NR NR
NR NR
NR NR
80 210
NR NR
NR NR
-- 210
-- 210
-- 180
-- 180
100 210
Nickel Nitrate
Nickel Chloride
Nickel Nitrate
Nickel Plating 8% Lead
.8% Fluoboric Acid
.4% Boric Acid
Nickel Plating
11% Nickel Sulfate
2% Nickel Chloride
1% Boric Acid
Nickel Plating
44% Nickel Sulfate
4% Ammonium
Chloride
4% Boric Acid
Nickel Sulfate
Nitric Acid
Nitric Acid Fumes
Nitrobenzene
O
All 100 210
All 100 210
All 100 210
-- 180
-- 180
-- 180
All 100 210
5 NR 150
20 NR 120
52 NR NR
-- 160
100 NR NR
Oakite Rust Stripper -- 180
Octanoic Acid 100 -- 180
Oil, Sour Crude 100 80 210
Oil, Sweet Crude 100 80 210
Oleic Acid All NR 210
Oleum (Fuming Sulfuric) NR NR
Olive Oil 100 -- 210
Oxalic Acid All -- 210
P
Pemhloretylene 100
Perchloric Acid 10
30
Peroxide Bleach
2% Sodium
Peroxide 96%
.025% Epsom
Salts, 5%
Sodium Silicate,
42° BE
1.4% Sulfuric Acid,
66OBE
Phenol 100
Phenol Sulfonic Acid 100
Phosphoric Acid All
Phosphoric Acid Fumes
Phosphorous Pentoxide 0-54
Phosphorous Trichloride 100
Phthalic Acid All
NR 100
NR 150
NR 100
NR 210
NR NR
NR NR
100 210
100 210
-- 210
NR NR
-- 210
Pickling Acids
Sulfuric and
Hydrochloric
Picric Acid, Alcoholic 10
Polyvinyl Acetate Latex All
Polyvinyl Alcohol 100
Polyvinyl Chloride Latex
with 35 parts DOP
Potassium Alum Sulfate All
Potassium Bicarbonate 0-50
Potassium Bromide All
Potassium Carbonate All
Potassium Chloride All
Potassium Dichromate All
Potassium Ferricyanide All
Potassium Ferrocyanide All
Potassium Hydroxide All
Potassium Nitrate All
Potassium
Permanganate All
Potassium Persulfate All
Potassium Sulfate All
Propionic Acid 20
5O
100
All
100
Propylene Glycol
Pyridine
S
Salicylic Acid All
Sebacic Acid All
Selenius Acid All
Silver Nitrate All
Soaps All
Sodium Acetate All
Sodium Aluminate All
Sodium Alkyl Aryl
Sulfonates All
Sodium Benzoate 100
Sodium Bicarbonate All
Sodium Bifluoride All
Sodium Bisulfate All
Sodium Bisulfite All
Sodium Bromate 10
Sodium Bromide All
Sodium Carbonate 0-25
35
Sodium Chlorate All
Sodium Chloride All
Sodium Chlorite All
Sodium Chromate 50
NR 210
NR 210
-- 210
NR 120
-- 120
90 210
NR 150
90 210
NR 150
100 210
-- 210
-- 210
-- 210
NR 150
100 210
NR 210
-- 210
100 210
-- 200
-- 180
-- NR
-- 210
-- NR
-- 160
-- 210
-- 210
-- 210
90 210
-- 210
NR 120
-- 150
-- 180
NR 180
-- 120
80 210
70 210
90 210
NR --
NR --
NR 210
100 210
NR 150
-- 210
MaXimum
Recommended
Concentration Temperature QF.
~emical % By Weight Std. VE
Sodium Cyanide All -- 210
Sodium Dichromate All -- 210
Sodium Di-Phosphate All -- 210
Sodium Ferricyanide All -- 210
Sodium Ferrocyanide All -- 210
Sodium Fluoride All -- 180
Sodium Fluoro Silicate All -- 150
Sodium
Hexametaphosphates All -- 120
Sodium Hydroxide 5 NR 150
10 NR 150
25 NR 120
50 NR 160
Sodium Hydrosulfide All -- 210
Sodium Hypochlorite 0-5 70 180
5-15 NR 150
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate All -- 180
Sodium
Mono-Phosphate All 100 210
Sodium Nitrate All 100 210
Sodium Nitrite All 100 210
Sodium Persulate 20 -- 130
Sodium Silicate All NR 210
Sodium Sulfate All 100 210
Sodium Sulfide All NR 210
Sodium Sulfite All NR 210
Sodium Tetro Borate All -- 200
Sodium Thiocyanate 57 -- 180
Sodium Thiosulfate All -- 180
Sodium
Tripolyphosphate All -- 210
Sodium Xylene
Sulfonate All NR 210
Sorbitol Solutions All -- 150
Sour Crude Oil 100 80 210
Soya Oil All -- 210
Stannic Chloride All -- 210
Stannous Chloride All -- 210
Stearic Acid All 100 210
Styrene 100 NR NR
Sugar, Beet and
Cane Liquor All -- 180
Sugar, Sucrose All -- 210
Sulfamic Acid 0-25 70 210
Sulfanilic Acid All -- 210
Sulfated Detergents All 100 210
Sulfur Dioxide,
Dry or Wet NR --
Sulfur Trioxide/Air All NR 210
Sulfuric Acid 0-5 100 180
5 -70 -- 160
75 NR --
Over 75 NR NR
Sulfurous Acid All NR --
Superphosphoric Acid 105% H3PO3 NR 210
760/0 P205
T
Tall Oil All -- --
Tannic Acid All -- --
Tartaric Acid All NR 210
Tetrachloroethylene 100 NR NR
Thionyl Chloride 100 NR NR
Toluene 100 NR NR
Toluene Solfonic Acid All -- 210
Transformer Oils:
Mineral Oil Types -- 210
Chloro-Phenyl Types NR NR
Trichlor Acetic Acid 50 NR 210
Trichloroethane 100 NR --
Trichloroethylene 100 NR NR
Trichlorophenol 100 NR NR
Tridecylbenzene
Sulfonate All -- 210
Trimethylene
Chlorobromide 100 NR NR
Trisodium Phosphate All NR 210
Turpentine 100 NR --
Tween Surfactant All -- 150
V
Vegetable Oils
Vinegar
Vinyl Acetate
Vinyl Toluene
W
Water
Deionized
Demineralized
Distilled
Fresh
Salt
Sea
X
Xylene
Z
Zinc Chlorate
Zinc Chloride
Zinc Nitrate
Zinc Sulfate
100 210
100 210
100 NR NR
100 NR --
NR 210
100 210
100 210
100 210
100 210
100 210
100 NR NR
All -- 210
All 100 210
All 100 210
All 100 210
Class SN 18
: 3% defL @ 5°/5 defl.
(in,) (in.) (in.)
12 13.2 12.23 11.97 12.25 11.99 12.27 12.01
14 15.3 14.20 13.90 14.22 13.92 14.24 13.94
16 17.4 16.18 15.83 16.20 15.85 16.22 15.87
18 19.5 18.15 17.77 18.17 17.79 18.19 17.81
20 21.6 20.12 19.70 20.14 19.72 20.16 19.74
24 25.8 24.07 23.56 24.11 23.61 24.13 23.63
30 32.0 29.92 29.29 29.96 29.33 29.98 29.35
36 38.3 35.84 35.09 35.88 35.13 35.92 35.17
42 44.5 41.69 40.81 41.73 40.85 41.77 40.90
48 50.8 47.61 46.61 47.67 46.67 47.72 46.71
54 57.1 53.53 52.41 53.62 52.49 53.66 52.53
60 62.9 58.99 57.76 59.08 57.84 59.14 57.90
66 69.2 64.94 63.57 65.00 63.64 65.08 63.72
72 75.4 70.76 69.28 70.85 69.36 70.93 69.44
78 81.6 76.61 75.00 76.69 75.09 76.78 75.17
84 88.7 83.27 81.54 83.37 81,64 83.46 81.72
90 94.3 88.55 86.70 88.66 86.80 88.76 86.90
96 100.6 94.50 92.52 94.60 92.62 94.71 92.72
Class SN 36
50/36 1~/36 50/36~ ~0136
P_iP, e (ihi) (Ihi)Min~ Dia; (ini) Dia, (in.)
defi~ defl~ defl~ . ~fl~ defJ~ defl. dell,:: defl, dell. defl.
12 13.2 12.12 11.87 12.15 11.89 12.17 11.91 12.19 11.93 12.21 11.95
14 15.3 14.08 13.78 14.10 13.80 14.12 13.82 14.14 13.84 14.16 13.88
16 17.4 16.05 15.71 16.07 15.73 16.09 15.75 16.11 15.77 16.14 15.79
18 19.5 17.98 17.60 18.00 17.62 18.02 '17.64 18.06 '17.68 18.09 17.70
20 21.6 19.96 19.53 19.96 19.55 20.00 19.57 20.02 19.59 20.06 19.64
30 32.0 29.65 29.02 29.69 29.06 29.73 29.10 29.77 29.14 29.83 29.21
36 38.3 35.53 34.78 35.57 34.82 35.61 34.86 35.65 34.90 35.74 34.98
42 44.5 41.29 40.42 41.35 40.48 41.42 40.54 41.46 40.59 41.56 40.69
48 50.8 47.19 46.20 47.24 46.24 47.32 46.32 47.36 46.36 47.47 46.47
54 57.1 53.08 51.96 53.12 52.00 53.20 52.08 53.26 52.14 53.39 52.27
60 62.9 58.49 57.26 58.53 57.30 58.62 57.38 58.70 57.47 58.83 57.59
66 69.2 64.37 63.02 64.41 63.06 64.52 63.16 64.60 63.24
72 75.4 70.16 68.68 70.22 68.74 70.32 68.84 70.41 68.93
78 81.6 75.94 74.34 76.00 74.40 76.11 74.51 76.21 74.61
84 88.7 82.56 80.83 82.62 80.90 82.75 81.02
90 94.3 87.80 85.95 87.86 86.01 87.99 86.14
96 100.6 93.68 91.71 93.75 91.77 93.89 91.92
Class SN 46
O~D.
defl~ ~fl: defl:
12 13.2 12.08 11.82 12,10 11.85 12.12 11.87 12.15 11.89 12.17 11.91
14 15.3 14.04 13.74 14.06 13.76 14.08 13.78 14.10 13.80 14.12 13.82
16 17.4 15.99 15.65 16.01 15.67 16.03 15.69 16.05 15.71 16.09 15.75
18 19.5 17.92 17,54 17.94 17.56 17.96 17.58 18.00 17.62 18.02 17.64
20 21.6 19.87 19.45 19.89 19.47 19.93 19.51 19.96 19.53 20.00 19.57
24 25.8 23.78 23.27 23.80 23.30 23.84 23.34 23.88 23.38 23.93 23.42
30 32.0 29.54 28.92 29.56 28.94 29.63 29.00 29.67 29.04 29.73 29.10
36 38.3 35.40 34.65 35.42 34.67 35.49 34.74 35.55 34.80 35.61 34.86
42 44.5 41.17 40.30 41.21 40.34 41.27 40.40 41.33 40.46 41.42 40.54
48 50.8 47.03 46.03 47.07 46.07 47.15 46.16 47.22 46.22 47.32 48.32
54 57.1 52.89 51.77 52.93 51.81 53.01 51.89 53.10 51.98 53.20 52.08
60 62.9 58.26 57.03 58.33 57.09 58.41 57.18 58.51 57,28 58.62 57.38
66 69.2 64.12 62.77 64.19 62.83 64.29 62.93 64.39 63.04
72 75.4 69.89 68.41 69.95 68.47 70.07 68.60 70.18 68.70
78 81.6 75.65 74.05 75.73 74.14 75.86 74.26 75.96 74.36
84 88.7 82.25 80.52 82.33 80.31 82.46 80.73
90 94.3 87.47 85.62 87.55 85.70 87.70 85.85
96 100.6 93.33 91.36 93.41 91.44 93.56 91,59
Class SN 72
5o o
~fl dellI dellI defl~ deft, defl~
12 13.2 12.00 11.74 12.02 11.76 12.04 11.78 12.06' 11.80 12.08 11.82
14 15.3 13.93 13.63 13.95 13.65 13,99 13.69 14.02 13.72 14.04 13.74
16 17.4 15.87 15.53 15.91 15.57 15.93 15.59 15.97 15.63 15.99 15.65
18 19.5 17.79 17.41 17.84 17.46 17.86 17.48 17.90 17.52 17,92 17.54
20 21.6 19.73 19,31 19.77 19.35 19.81 19.39 19.83 19.41 19.87 19.45
24 25.8 23.59 23.09 23.65 23.15 23.70 23.19 23.74 23.23 23.78 23.27
30 32.0 29.31 28.69 29.40 28.77 29.44 28.81 29.48 28,85 29.52 28.90
36 38.3 35.13 34.39 35.21 34.47 35.28 34.53 35.34 34.59
42 44.5 40.85 39.99 40.96 40.09 41.02 40.15 41.08 40.21
48 50.8 46.67 45.68 46.78 45.78 46.86 45.87 46.94 45.95
54 57.1 52.49 51.38 52.62 51.50 52.70 51.58 52.78 51.67
60 62.9 57.82 56.60 57.97 56.74 58.07 56.85 58.16 56.93
66 69.2 63.64 62.29 63.79 62.44 63.91 62.56
72 75.4 69.36 67.89 69.53 68.06 69.66 68.18
78 81.6 75.09 73.49 75.25 73.66 75.40 73.80
84 88.7 81.64 79.92 81.81 80.09
90 94.3 86.82 84.98 87.01 85.17
96 100.6 92.64 90.68 92.83 90.86