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Ridgecrest-SP130307 Ci72-) 30,1-357c CONATSER CONSTRUCTION TX, L . P . 5327 WICHITA STREET P . O . BOX 15448 FORT WORTH , TEXAS 76119 OFFICE 817 - 534 - 1743 - FAX 817 - 534- 4556 FACSIMILE TRANSMITTAL SHEET TO: �.ccrr P FROM: 2Vr.S COMPANY: Sc 7f ce )J`. CUti,¢7s5C FAX NUMBER: - TOTAL NO.OF PAGES INCLUDING COVER: NOTES/COMMENTS: /cqS� �- w /S. ot rr _ —17-AaAJ r 6co7-f--- • • ) *\\ V//\11/ 4: i 34'i West Mockingbird Lane E3altas:7exas 75.247 972.6476700 •� td.com Letter Of Transmittal 2/14/2013 9:46:13AM Report: 128946 Contains the Following Reports: Report_Description • Submittal#10630 for Project Ridgecrest Estates-Coppell • Detailed Data for Submittal#10630 • Backup Data for Mix:8272-141 of Submittal#10630 for Project:Ridgecrest Estates-Coppell • Backup Data for Mix:8273SF-141 of Submittal#10630 for Project Ridgecrest Estates-Coppell • Backup Data for Mix:8274-141 of Submittal#10630 for Project:Ridgecrest Estates-Coppell • Cement Mill Certificate(December 2012).pdf attachment for Submittal#10630 for Project:Ridgecrest Estates-Coppell • Bridgeport Man Sand (January 2013).pdf attachment for Submittal#10630 for Project:Ridgecrest Estates-Coppell • Bridgeport Stone (January 2013),pdf attachment for Submittal#10630 for Project Ridgecrest Estates-Coppell • TXI Concrete Sand (January 2013).pdf attachment for Submittal#10630 for Project:Ridgecrest Estates-Coppell • MB-AE 90(January 2013).pdf attachment for Submittal#10630 for Project:Ridgecrest Estates-Coppell • Pozzolith 100XR(January 2013).pdf attachment for Submittal#10630 for Project Ridgecrest Estates-Coppell • Pozzolith 200N(Janaury 2013).pdf attachment for Submittal#10630 for Project:Ridgecrest Estates-Coppell 1992-2013 Digital Site Systems,inc. Page 1 Quadrel iService SM j 1341 West Mockingbird Lane= Dallas,Texas 75217 a 972.647.67M tit MN February 14,2013 Conatser Construction,Inc. P.O.Box 15448 Fort Worth,TX. 76119 Attn:Mr.Bill RE: Ridgecrest Estates-Coppell Mix Code Numbers 8272,8273SF,8274 The attached concrete mix designs utilizing the appropriate ASTM C-33 or ASTM C-330 aggregate are proposed for use on the above referenced project for ready-mixed concrete to be furnished by TXI. To ensure that the correct mix is delivered to your project,please order by the mix design number which appears in the left hand corner of the mix design. TXI certifies that the above mix designs,when ordered by specified design identity,and delivered by TXI,will meet or exceed the indicated design strength at the designated age when tested in accordance with the applicable and current ASTM Standards C 31,C 39,C 78,C 172,C 293, applicable provisions of C 94, and evaluated in accordance with applicable provisions of the ACI building code. TXI would like to be included on your mailing list to receive all test reports.ASTM C 94 entitles a manufacturer to receive copies of all test reports when strength of concrete is used as a basis for acceptance. Contact us if you have any questions or require any additional information.Please notify TXI of approval of the proposed mix design prior to its use.Failure to notify us prior to first placement shall constitute acceptance.To ensure that the proper mix design is ordered,please send a copy of this letter,after approval,to the above referenced project to be used by the person ordering the concrete for this job. The information contained in this submittal is confidential and the exclusive property of TXI.It cannot be copied,duplicated or disclosed to third parties without the expressed written consent of TXI. Sincerely, TXI Operations,LP Victor H.Villarreal Manager-Q.AJQ.C. We will provide EXCEPTIONAL building materials, SERVICE Ci and solutions so that customers CHOOSE 3'a. 1992.2013 Digital Site Systems,Inc. Page 2 Quadrel iService SM TXI PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL 1 341 West Mockingtrird Lane - Dai€as,Texas 75247 • 972,647,6700 iXLC0111 Customer: Conatser Construction,Inc. Date Issued:February 14,2013 Project: Ridgecrest Estates-Coppell Plant: 141 Lewisville 8272 5.00SK ADMIX/AEA 1"CS Flatwork,Walks Description Admix. SSD Wei t Type I/II Cement •70 1"-#4 Crushed Stone Bridgeport Sand 541 Concrete Sand 811 City Water 258 MB-AE 90 0.3 to 4.0 oz/cwt CM Pozzolith 200N 3.0 to 4.0 oz/cwt CM Specified Pc: 3,000 psi @ 28 days TOTAL Specified Slump: 3.00 To 5.00 in. Designed Unit Weight: L:16? lbs./cut. Specified Air: 3.00 To 6.00% Designed W/C+P Ratio: 0.55 Designed Air: 4,5% Designed Volume: 27.00 cu.ft. NOTES: TXI has no knowledge or authority regarding where this mix is to be placed(if other than the defined use on page 1),therefore it is the responsibility of the project architect/engineer,and or contractor to insure that the above designed mix parameters of compressive strength,water cement ratio,cement content,and air content, are appropriate for the anticipated environmental conditions(ie.ACI-318 sections 4.1-4.3,and the local Building Codes).Data enclosed represents the potential of this mix when sampled and cured per ACI 301 and Section 1.6.3.,and per ASTM C-31. Chemical admixtures are added in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.TXI reserves the right to adjust these dosages to meet the changes in jobsite demands. This mix has been designed to meet the requirements of the documents received from the project,and/or your verbal request. Aggregate weights may change depending on gradations or specific gravity of material. Mix Design Proportions and specifications are confidential and proprietary trade secrets of TXI.Any use or dissemination without permission is a violation of federal criminal law. COMMENTS: 1992-2013 Digital Site Systems,Inc. Page 4 Quadrel iService SM tri3341 West Mockingbird Lane,:. DaifaLL11exas:75247 • n2.647,6701) txLcorn Date: 2/14/2013 Units: US Mix Name: 8272 Mix Strength: 3,000 PSI at 28 Days STRENGTH SUMMARY, Compression 6" x 12" Strengths No. Of Avg Avg Avg 28 Avg Acc Accept Std ACI31B Tests Slump Air Day Age Age Dev Req'd 30 4.29 4.34 4590 4590 28 520 3700 • DETAILED STRENGTH, Compression 6" x 12" Plant Slump Air Strengths Acc Acc Age 28 Day Acc Age Age Run Avg 3 140 4.75 5.00 4550 4550 28 140 4.50 4.60 4060 4060 28 140 4.50 4.90 4210 4210 28 4270 138 4.25 4.50 4610 4610 28 4290 140 4.00 3.00 3890 3890 28 4240 144 4.50 4.00 4500 4500 28 4330 144 3.50 4.50 6000 6000 28 4800 140 4.50 4.10 5010 5010 28 5170 140 3.00 3.60 5290 5290 28 5430 140 • 4.75 4.90 4240 4240 28 4850 140 4.50 4.40 4110 4110 28 4550 140 4.50 4.20 4670 4670 28 4340 141 4.75 5.00 5310 5310 28 4700 141 4.50 4.20 5450 5450 28 5140 141 4.50 3.00 4870 4870 28 5210 . 146 4.75 5.60 4690 4690 28 5000 122 4.00 , 3.80 4270 4270 28 4610 122 4.25 5.25 4330 4330 28 4430 131 4.00 5.50 4670 4670 28 4420 131 4.50 4.10 5060 5060 28 4690 128 4.50 4180 4180 28 4640 122 3.50 3.90 4320 4320 28 4520 122 4.25 4400 4400 28 4300 140 4.75 4.90 4430 4430 28 4380 150 4.00. 5.80 4730 4730 28 4520 146 3.50 3810 3810 28 4330 146 4.50 2.20 4080 4080 28 4210 146 4.00 3.10 3940 3940 28 3940 146 4.50 4.50 4760 4760 28 4260 146 4.75 4,50 5220 5220 28 4640 1992-2013 Digital Site Systems,Inc. Page 5 Quadrel iService SM TXL PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL. r bd1341 West Mockingbird Lane • Dalias.T"exas 75247 • 971647.6700 LYLCOM Customer: Conatser Construction,Inc. Date Issued:February 14,2013 Project: Ridgecrest Estates-Coppell Plant: 141 Lewisville 8273SF 5.50SK ADMIX/AEA 1"CS Main Line Paving Description Admix. SSD Weight(lb) Type I/II Cement 517 1"-#4 Crushed Stone 1840 Concrete Sand 1356 City Water 242 MB-AE 90 0.3 to 4.0 oz/cwt CM Pozzolith 100XR 2.0 to 4.0 oz/cwt CM Specified F'c: 3,600 psi @ 28 days TOTAL 3955 Specified Slump: 1.00 To 3.00 in. Designed Unit Weight: 146.5 lbs./cu.ft. Specified Air: 3.00 To 6.00% Designed W/C+P Ratio: 0.47 Designed Air: 4.5% Designed Volume: 27.00 cu.ft. NOTES: TXI has no knowledge or authority regarding where this mix is to be placed(if other than the defined use on page 1),therefore it is the responsibility of the project architect/engineer,and or contractor to insure that the above designed mix parameters of compressive strength,water cement ratio,cement content,and air content, are appropriate for the anticipated environmental conditions(ie.ACI-318 sections 4.1-4.3, and the local Building Codes).Data enclosed represents the potential of this mix when sampled and cured per ACI 301 and Section 1.6.3.,and per ASTM C-31. Chemical admixtures are added in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.TXI reserves the right to adjust these dosages to meet the changes in jobsite demands. This mix has been designed to meet the requirements of the documents received from the project,and/or your verbal request. Aggregate weights may change depending on gradations or specific gravity of material. Mix Design Proportions and specifications are confidential and proprietary trade secrets of TXI.Any use or dissemination without permission is a violation of federal criminal law. COMMENTS: 1992-2013 Digital Site systems,Inc. Page 6 Quadrel iService SM 1341 Wen Mockingbird Lane _ D•aISes.Texas 7527 . 972.647.6700 (Acorn Date: 2/14/2013 Units: US Mix Name: 8273SF Mix Strength: 3,600 PSI at 28 Days STRENGTH SUMMARY, Compression 6" x 12" Strengths No. Of Avg Avg Avg 28 Avg Acc Accept Std ACI318 Tests Slump Air Day Age Age Dev Req'd 30 1.98 3.65 6590 6590 28 780 4910 DETAILED STRENGTH, Compression 6" x 12" Plant Slump Air Strengths Acc Acc Age 28 Day Acc Age Age Run Avg 3 128 2.50 4.50 5780 5780 28 128 2.00 4.00 7040 7040 28 131 8760 8760 28 7190 150 2.75 3.50 5870 5870 28 7220 150 2.50 2.20 7050 7050 28 7230 140 2.50 3.10 5630 5630 28 6180 143 1.50 5370 5370 28 6020 128 1.50 6380 6380 28 5790 150 2.75 3.60 5740 5740 28 5830 134 1.50 6550 6550 28 6220 134 2.00 5570 5570 28 5950 131 2.75 6050 6050 28 6050 134 2.25 6100 6100 28 5900 140 2.00 8100 8100 28 6750 131 1.25 3.00 8090 8090 28 7430 134 1.00 6770 6770 28 7650 134 2.25 5250 5250 28 6700 131 1.75 3.20 7150 7150 28 6390 134 1.50 3.30 6020 6020 28 6140 122 2.00 3.50 6380 6380 28 6520 131 1.75 3.20 6450 6450 28 6280 131 2.00 3.10 7220 7220 28 6680 131 2.50 3.00 7010 7010 28 6890 131 1.75 3.80 7610 7610 28 7280 131 , 2.25 4.60 6470 6470 28 7030 131 2.00 4.70 6770 6770 28 6950 131 2.00 5.10 6370 6370 28 6540 122 1.00 6300 6300 28 6480 131 2.00 4.80 6800 6800 28 6490 122 2.00 3.10 7080 7080 28 6730 1992-2013 Digital Site Systems,Inc. Page 7 Quadrel iService S TXI PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL tor f 134 West hlockingbird Lace D.al€as:Texa:s 75217 . 972.6.4.7;670 txi.VYm Customer: Conatser Construction,Inc. Date Issued:February 14,2013 Project: Ridgecrest Estates-Coppell Plant: 141 Lewisville 8274 6.00SK ADMIX/AEA 1"CS Hand Placed Paving,Structures Description Admix. SSD Wei. • • Type I/II Cement 564. 1"-#4 Crushed Stone ,, I Concrete Sand 1273 City Water 258 MB-AE 90 0.3 to 4.0 oz/cwt CM Pozzolith 200N 3.0 to 4.0 oz/cwt CM Specified F'c: 4,000 psi @ 28 days TOTAL 3935 Specified Slump: 3.00 To 5.00 in. Designed Unit Weight: 45 7 ihs,/e�rft! Specified Air: 3.00 To 6.00% Designed W/C+P Ratio: 0.46 Designed Air: 4.5% Designed Volume: 27.00 cu.ft. NOTES: TXI has no knowledge or authority regarding where this mix is to be placed(if other than the defined use on page 1),therefore it is the responsibility of the project architect/engineer,and or contractor to insure that the above designed mix parameters of compressive strength,water cement ratio,cement content,and air content, are appropriate for the anticipated environmental conditions(ie.ACI-318 sections 4.1-4.3,and the local Building Codes).Data enclosed represents the potential of this mix when sampled and cured per ACI 301 and Section 1.6.3.,and per ASTM C-31. Chemical admixtures are added in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.TXI reserves the right to adjust these dosages to meet the changes in jobsite demands. This mix has been designed to meet the requirements of the documents received from the project,and/or your verbal request. Aggregate weights may change depending on gradations or specific gravity of material. Mix Design Proportions and specifications are confidential and proprietary trade secrets of TXI.Any use or dissemination without permission is a violation of federal criminal law. COMMENTS: 1992.2013 Digital Site Systems,Inc. Page 8 Quadrel iService SM 1341 West Motkingb d Lane• Dallas,Texas 75247 • 972.6476700 e1 txl.Cont Date: 2/14/2013 Units: US Mix Name: 8274 Mix Strength: 4,000 PSI at 28 Day. STRENGTH SUMMARY, Compression 6" x 12" Strengths No. Of Avg Avg Avg 28 Avg Acc Accept Std ACI318 Tests Slump Air Day Age Age Dev Req'd 30 4.95 4.43 5310 5310 28 440 4590 DETAILED STRENGTH, Compression 6" x 12" Plant Slump Air Strengths Acc Acc Age 28 Day Acc Age Age Run Avg 3 142 6.00 4.00 4960 4960 28 142 3.50 4.10 5550 5550 28 144 4.50 4.20 4980 4980 28 5160 140 4.50 3.20 5530 5530 28 5350 140 8.00 4.00 4670 4670 28 5060 140 4.75 4.00 5650 5650 28 5280 141 4.25 6.00 5380 5380 28 5230 143 4.50 4.50 6430 6430 28 5820 140 4.75 3.90 5080 5080 28 5630 140 4.25 3.80 5310 5310 28 5600 143 6.50 3.30 5120 5120 28 5170 128 4.00 4.50 5220 5220 28 5210 128 7.50 6.10 5130 5130 28 5160 150 5.00 4.50 5350 5350 28 5230 128 7.00 4490 4490 28 4990 128 7.50 5.80 4700 4700 28 4850 128 5.50 5.10 4940 4940 28 4710 128 5.00 4.10 5350 5350 28 5000 140 4.50 4.90 5200 5200 28 5160 128 3.50 4.50 5740 5740 28 5430 128 3.25 4.00 5830 5830 28 5590 128 5.00 5320 5320 28 5630 140 2.50 3.10 5630 5630 28 5590 131 5.00 5.90 5240 5240 28 5390 131 5.25 3.40 6030 6030 28 5630 140 5.00 4.70 5070 5070 28 5450 122 4.00 4.30 5500 5500 28 5530 122 5.00 4.30 5020 5020 28 5200 122 4.00 4.90 4780 4780 28 5100 122 4.50 4.80 6060 6060 28 5290 1992-2013 Digital Sito Systems,Inc. Page 9 Quadrel iService SM bdMIDLOTHIAN CEMENT 245 Ward Road•Midlothian,TX 76065•972.775.3449•www.txi.cem 0 • • . SPECIFICATIONS Portland Cement Bin Number: JCar Number: (Tons: Type I/II(Low Alkali) Sample Date: December-2012 Monthly Average i A.S.T.M C150-11 Spec. Test Spec. Test Chemical Requirements: Limit Result Physical Requirements: Limit Result S102, (%) A 20.2 Air Content,Volume, (%) 12 max 8 A1203,(%) 6.0 max 4.2 Average Fineness(Blaine),(m2/kg) 280 min 379 Fe203,(%) 6.0 max 3.4 420 max CaO,(%) A 64.2 ' MgO, (%) 6.0 max 1.3 Autoclave Expansion,(%) 0.80 max -0.02 S03,(%) • 3.0 max 2.7 r• Loss on Ignition,(%) 3.0 max 2.1 Time of Setting: Insoluble Residue,(%) 0.75 max 0.32 Vicat Initial set;minutes 45 min 107 CO2,(%) A 1.2 • 375 max 107 Limestone,(%) 5.0 max 2.9 . CaCO3 in limestone,(%) 70 min 95 Compressive Strengths,(Mpa) 3 days . : 12.0 min 25.0 7 days 19.0 min 29.9 Potential phase composition, (%):s Compressive strengths,(psi) C3S A 61 3 days 1740 min 3628 C2S A 12 7 days 2760 min 4411 C3A 8 Max 5 C4AF A 10 C3S+ 4.75(C3A) 100 max 87 Spec. Test Optional Chemical Requirements: Limit Result Total Alkalies(Na20 equiv.), (%) 0.60 max 0.57 A Not Applicable. 9 Adjusted for limestone per A1.6 We Certify that the above described cement.at the time of shipment meets the chemal and physical requirements of ASTM C-150 specification. • Signature: Date: . 1/10/13 Title: Quality Services Manager • TXI corp. Ci) Bridgeport Stone Plant Technical Services Lab P.O.Box 487 Phone: 972-647-7232 • Bridgeport,Texas 76426 Fax: 972-847-7244 e eree ®eseeee691111oeeea a®IIIIMI DATE January 25,2013 COMPANY/NAME MATERIAL Mfg Sand e e ee®eeeeeo®®a ® ®®®®r®®n® TEST RESULTS SIEVE SIZE WT.RETAINED %PASSING SPECIFICATION U.S. METRIC 3/8" 9.5mm 0 100.0 100 #4 4.75mm 5.9 99.3 95 100 #8 2.36mm 166.2 80.3 80 100 #16 1.16mm 421 50.1 50 85 #30 .600mm 576.2 31.7 25 60 #50 .300mm 696.1 17.5 10 30 #100 .150mm 793.3 6.0 0 10 #200 .075mm 828.5 1.8 0 3 TOTAL.WEIGHT 843.7 sample washed over#200 issimosionsmosisommismsmommosimssmoimmommosssmismassuessmsrusussassmserwessuso SPECIFIC TEST RESULTS TxDot 403-A Specific Gravlty(SSD) 2.82 TxDot 411-A Magnesium Soundness 12 Sodium Soundness 1 TxDot 403-A Absorption 1.2 Unit Weight: ASTM D 4791 Flat&Elongated N/A Dry Loose 99.7 LB./CF. Dry Rodded 110.7 LBJCF. TxDot 413-A Clay Lumps N/A TxDot 203-F Sand Equivalent 82 Fineness Modulus 2.890 mennomenommumumiumsimasomessmieensumniummemsemonsamosommismisium Ben Jones Txi Representative a BASF The Chemical Company January 2,2013 TXI Operations, LP 1341 W.Mockingbird Lane Dallas,Texas 75247 Attention: Victor Villarreal Project:All Projects Project location:Various Locations Certificate of Conformance MB-AETM 90 BASF Corporation*Air-Entraining Admixture for Concrete *(successor in interest to BASF Construction Chemicals, LLC,which is successor by merger to BASF Admixtures, Inc.,formerly known as Degussa Admixtures, Inc.,formerly known as Master Builders,Inc.) I, Richard Hubbard,Sr.Technical Marketing Specialist for BASF Corporation,Cleveland,Ohlo,certify: That MB-AE 90 is a BASF Corporation Air-Entraining Admixture for concrete;and That no calcium chloride or chloride based ingredient is used in the manufacture of MB-AE 90;and That MB-AE 90,based on the chlorides originating from all the ingredients used in its manufacture,contributes less than 0.000068 percent(0.68 ppm)chloride ions by weight of the cement when used at the rate of 65 mL per 100 kg (1 fluid ounce per 100 pounds)of cement;and That MB-AE 90 meets the requirements of ASTM C 260,Corps of Engineers'CRD-C 13 and AASHTO M154,the Standard Specifications for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete. • (V.AL-4604 Richard Hubbard Sr.Technical Marketing Specialist,BASF Corporation BASF Corporation 23700 Chagrin Boulvard Master 216 Cleveland,39 7 00 44122 . U i rS 2i 6 839-7500 ph www.masterbuilders.com Admixture Solutions BASF The Chemical Company January 2,2013 TXI Operations,LP 1341 W.Mockingbird Lane Dallas,Texas 75247 Attention: Victor Villarreal Project:All Projects Project location:Various Locations Certificate of Conformance Pozzolith®100 XR BASF Corporation`Admixture for Concrete *(successor in interest to BASF Construction Chemicals,LLC,which is successor by merger to BASF Admixtures, Inc.,formerly known as Degussa Admixtures,Inc.,formerly known as Master Builders, Inc.) 1, Richard Hubbard,Sr.Technical Marketing Specialist for BASF Corporation,Cleveland,Ohio,certify: That Pozzolith 100 XR is a BASF Corporation Set Retarding Admixture for concrete;and That no calcium chloride or chloride based ingredient is used in the manufacture of Pozzolith 100 XR;and That Pozzolith 100 XR,based on the chlorides originating from all the ingredients used in its manufacture, contributes less than 0.00014 percent(1.4 ppm)chloride ions by weight of the cement when used at the rate of 65 mL per 100 kg(1 fluid ounce per 100 pounds)of cement;and That Pozzolith 100 XR meets the requirements for a Type B, Retarding and Type D,Water-Reducing and Retarding Admixture specified in ASTM C 494,Corps of Engineers'CRD-C 87 and AASHTO M194,the Standard Specifications for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete. CR:j1N "1".+43/71/4 Richard Hubbard Sr.Technical Marketing Specialist,BASF Corporation BASF Corporation 23700 Chagrin Boulvard Masher 216 Cleveland,39-7 00 OH 44122 Builders 216839-7500 ph www.masterbuiiders.com Admixture Solutions • BASF The Chemical Company January 2,2013 TXI Operations,LP 1341 W.Mockingbird Lane Dallas,Texas 75247 Attention: Victor Villarreal Project:AU Projects Project location:Various Locations Certificate of Conformance Pozzolith®200 N BASF Corporation*Admixture for Concrete '(successor in interest to BASF Construction Chemicals, LLC,which is successor by merger to BASF Admixtures, Inc.,formerly known as Degussa Admixtures,Inc.,formerly known as Master Builders, Inc.) I,Richard Hubbard,Sr.Technical Marketing Specialist for BASF Corporation,Cleveland,Ohio,certify: That Pozzolith 200 N is a BASF Corporation Water-Reducing Admixture for concrete;and That no calcium chloride or chloride based ingredient is used In the manufacture of Pozzolith 200 N;and That Pozzolith 200 N,based on the chlorides originating from all the ingredients used in its manufacture, contributes less than 0.00013 percent(1.3 ppm)chloride ions by weight of the cement when used at the rate of 65 mL per 100 kg(1 fluid ounce per 100 pounds)of cement;and That,depending on the dosage used, Pozzolith 200 N meets the requirements for a Type A,Water-Reducing,Type B, Retarding,and Type D,Water Reducing and Retarding Admixture as specified in ASTM C 494,Corps of Engineers'CRD-C 87 and AASHTO M194,the Standard Specifications for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete. • Richard Hubbard Sr.Technical Marketing Specialist,BASF Corporation BASF Corporation 23700 Chagrin Boulvard Master Cleveland,OH 44122 + 216 839-7500 ph . l [S www.masterbuilders.com Admixture Solutions