Loading...
ST9301-SY020630SITE 41DLI2 A T SAND Y I~KE ROAD SITE 41DL12 AT SANDY LAKE ROAD COPPELL, TEXAS Texas Antiquities Permit No. 2845 S. Alan Skinner, Phi) submitted to: CITY OF COPPELL P.O. Box 478 Coppell, Texas 75019 AR CONSULTANTS, INC. Cultural Resources Report 2002-19 June 30, 2002 AR CONSUL TANTS INC. SITE 41DL12 A T SAND Y LAKE ROAD i ABSTRACT The City of Coppell and Dallas County are planning to widen and elevate Sandy Lake Road from the Elm Fork of the Trinity River west to MacArthur Boulevard. Over the past century, this route has been changed and significant impacts have occurred to the floodplain of the Elm Fork and Denton Creek. After reviewing the project, it was decided that the major impact that this project might have would be on the recorded site of 41DL12. This site was recorded and tested by the Dallas Archeological Society more than fifty years ago and more recently a preserved part of the site was documented by North Texas State University. In May 2002, AR Consultants, Inc. conducted a detailed records review and then tested the narrow area of potential effect (APE) that is located along the south side of Sandy Lake Road. Records and aerial photographs confirmed that this area was a gravel mine in the past and furthermore that the gravel pit was described as e~ending under or north of the existing roadway. Testing in the APE found that the ground closest to the gravel pit contained fill consisting of mixed sediments and large chunks of concrete. The upper part of the two trenches to the west found fill overlying buried sediments but the upper part of the sediments that might have contained archaeological materials had been removed at some unknown time in the past. Consequently, testing failed to uncover any evidence of a preserved buried deposit that might have been a part of site 41DL 12. AR Consultants recommends that no further cultural resource investigations are required within the APE of Sandy Lake Road. If buried materials are uncovered during construction, work should immediately be ceased in that area and the Texas Historical Commission should be advised. AR CONSUL TANTS INC. SITE 41DL12 A TSAND Y LAKE ROAD ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AR Consultants wishes to thank everyone involved in the project and in the preparation of this report for their assistance. While we accept responsibility for the content of the report, we were assisted by numerous people who demonstrated their interest in the history and the archaeology of the Elm Fork Watershed, particularly at site 41DL12. In Coppell, we want to thank Suzan C. Taylor, CIP Coordinator in the Engineering Department was a constant source of information and maps from the start of the project to its completion. She was assisted by the entire staff of the Engineering Department. We also want to thank the Utilities Department for providing Gary Price and Bob Mcloud and a backhoe to conduct the testing. John L. Meats, PE, Senior Project Manager with the Dallas County Department of Public Works met the author on site and provided maps and infoniiation about the extent and limits of the APE. Numerous other interested people helped with the investigation. We discussed the project with Paul Lorrain and Bill Young of the Dallas Archeological Society and with Skipper Scott of thc Corps of Engineers. David Parkhill at TARL provided copies of site records and Mark Denton discussed the project with ns during planning. Carol Roark at the Dallas Public Library helped with the interpretation of Sam Streets Map of Dallas County. Lastly, C. Reid Ferring has freely shared his familiarity of the area with the author over the past several years. AR CONSULTANTS INC. SITE 41DLI2 A T SAND Y LAKE ROAD iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ........................................................................................................ Acknowledgements ................................................................... Table of Contents ..................................................................... List of Figures .............................................................................................. Introduction .................................................................................................. Natural Environment .................................................................................... Culture Historical Background .................................................................... Research Design & Methodology ................................................................... Results .......................................................................................................... Map Review .................................................................. Previous Investigations ...................................................... Testing ........................................................................ Recommendations ........................................................................................ References Cited .......................................................................................... i ii 111 111 1 4 9 9 13 19 24 25 26 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. The present mute of Sandy Lake Road between MacArthur Blvd. and the Elm Fork of the Trinity River shown on a section of the Carrollton, TX 7.5' USGS map .................. A section of Sam Streets Map of Dallas County with an arrow pointing to the location of site 41DL 12 .......................... The relocated mute of Sandy Lake Road across the Elm Fork just upstream from the location of site 41DL12. shown on a section of the 1920 Dallas County Soil map ..................... A blackened triangle and the number "2" show the location of site 41DL12 as plotted by R. King Harris on his copy of the 1936 Dallas County highway map ................................ A mid-1960s aerial photograph of the site area showing the abandoned gravel pit. Picture provided by the City of Dallas survey record vault .................................................. Plan map of site 41DL12 attached to the site survey form .... Profile of Pit A along with artifact illustrations. Half-size copy of Plate 1 from the 1949 article about site 41DL12 ............ Profile of Pit B and the limestone chopper found in the pit fill. Half-size copy of Plate 2 from the 1949 article about site 41DL12 ............................................................... 2 10 11 12 14 15 16 16 AR CONSUL TANTS INC. SITE 41DL12 ~4 T SAND Y LAKE ROAD iv Figure 9. Figure 10. Figure 11. Figure 12. Figure 13. Figure 14. Figure 15. Profiles of Pit C and the Pit C setting. Half-size copy of Plate I from the 1951 article about site 41DL12 ....................... 17 The island profile recorded at site 41DL12 in 1986 ............ 18 APE and trenches shown on a plan map of the eastern edge of the project area prepared by Dallas County Department of Public Works ............................................... : ................. 20 A westerly view of the Sandy Lake Road APE shown in the center of the picture and left of the hydrant. The northwest edge of th'e Farrow property is at the left side of the photo where the tracks in the dirt go to the south ...................................21 Backdirt from Trench 2 showing the large chunks/slabs of concrete contained in the fill that was encountered. View is to the southeast ............................................ 21 Profile of the west wall of Trench 3 .............................. 22 Zone II, the black silty clay below the mixed upper fill zone and above the lower water-deposited sediments. View is to the southwest of the west wall ......................................... 23 r-arc 41DL12SandyL~ke AR CONSULTANTS INC. SITE 41DLI2 A T SAND¥ LAKE ROAD 1 INTRODUCTION The City of Coppell is working with Dallas County to widen Sandy Lake Road east from MacArthur Boulevard to the City of Dallas boundary which corresponds roughly with the west bank of the Elm Fork of the Trinity River (Figure 1). The City of Coppell submitted project plans for review to the Texas Historical Commission (THC) and they responded by recommending an archaeological survey of the entire road widening project. Subsequent review of historic maps, site records and aerial photographs led the Texas Historical Commission to agree with AR Consultants, Inc. (ARC) that the planned impact to the floodplain was going to be limited in width and depth and that the road area had been extensively disturbed over the past century. Due to the past disturbances, the past and planned elevation of thc road and the narrowness of new property along the route, the Texas Historical Commission agreed that the only archaeological work needed along Sandy Lake Road was to detem~ine if any evidence of the previously recorded archaeological site 41DL12 was present along the edge of the new corridor south of the present road near the Carrollton Dam. The following report reviews the historic maps of the area and of site 41DL12 and then reports on the results of testing for buried evidence of site 41DL12. Site 41DL12 is a prehistoric archaeological site midden deposit that was recorded in 1940 by the late R. King Harris and was mapped by L.P. McElroy. Both were members of the Dallas Archeological Society. In 1941, Forrest Kirkland, R. K. Harris and Robert Hatzenbuehlcr discovered and excavated two shallow pits and described their findings in The Record of the Dallas Archeological Society (Kirldand, Harris and Hatzenbuehler 1949). Harris and Jack Hughes discovered a bell-shaped pit in the site and reported on its excavation in The Record (Hughes and Harris 1951). The old gravel pit which had exposed the site was apparently filled in and more evidence of a site deposit was discovered in the new part of the gravel pit and tested by C. Reid Ferring in the mid- 1980s (Ferring 1986). Ferring reported the presence of a previously undiscovered buried deposit that extended to a depth of at least three meters below the floodplain level south of thc area described by Harris and the Dallas Arcbeological Society. The present research and testing were conducted for the City of Coppell by AR Consultants, Inc. (ARC) under the authority of Texas Antiquities Pemdt No. 2845. The cultural resource investigation was required under the authority of the Texas Antiquities Code because the City of Coppell is a political subdivision of the State of Texas. In addition to state legislation, this project comes under the authority of federal legislation because the area to be widened is in the floodplain of the Elm Fork of the Trinity River and this area is the responsibility of the Fort Worth District of the US Army Corps of Engineers. AR CONSUL TANTS INC. SITE 41DL12 A T SAND Y LAKE ROAD Figure 1. The present route of Sandy Lake Road between MacArthur Blvd. and the Elm Fork of the Trinity River shown on a section of the Carrollton, TX 7.5' USGS map. AR Consultants SITE 41DL12 A T SANDY LAKE ROAD 3 This report is written in accor~lance with the guidelines for short reports adopted by the Archeology Division of the Texas Historical Commission, and developed by the Council of Texas Archeologists (ND). The report presents a brief description of the geological history of the area and this is followed by the research design and field methodology. The results of historic review and field investigations make up the majority of the report. Recommendations and the references cited conclude the report. Administrative Information: Sponsor: City of Coppell, Texas Review Agency: Texas Historical Commission, Archeology Division Principal Investigator: S. Alan Skinner, Phi) Field Crew: Fieldwork Dates: Sites Investigated: Prehistoric: Historic: Curafion Facility: Lance K. Trask, Jesse Todd and Skinner May 12-15, 2002 None, no evidence was found of site 41DL12 None Department of Anthropology, SMU AR CONSUL TANTS INC. SITE 41DLI2 A TSAND ¥ LAKE ROAD NATURAL ENVIRONMENT The lower Elm Fork is in the Blackland Prairie plant community of North Central Texas, which is bordered on the west by the Eastern Cross Timbers (Diamond, Riskind, Orzell 1987: Figure 1) and is included in the Upper Trinity Floodplain Forest (Peter and Jurney 1988:16, Figure 2-5), which is a bottomland hardwood forest ribbon within the surrounding prairie. The Upper Cretaceous Eagle Ford shale flanks and underlies the Elm Fork floodplain. The surface of the project area is mapped as Quaternary alluvium which is post-Pleistocene in age (Bureau of Economic Geology 1988). Recent geological studies within the Elm Fork basin indicate that floodplain deposits dating back to 18,000 BC are present (Prikryl 1990:17). The Elm Fork and Denton Creek floodplains are generally fiat and frequently are inundated when heavy rains occur upstream. The west bank and mined area is mapped as occasionally flooded Frio clay (Coffee, Hill, and Ressel 1980:Sheet Number 2). The A- horizon of the Ffio silty clay grades from a dark yellowish brown (10YR4/2) near the surface to a very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) between 32-53 inches below the unmodified floodplain. The C-horizon extends to below 74 inches and is a brown (10YRS/3) silty clay. The top of the sand and gravel is over six feet below the surface of the floodplain. AR CONSUL TANTS INC. SITE 41DLI2 A T SANDY LAKE ROAD 5 CULTURE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The culture history of the Metroplex area has been summarized by various authors beginning with C.A. Smith (1969), and more recently by Yates and Ferring (1986), Prikryl (1990), and Peter and McGregor (1988). The most recent sununary of the local archaeology is by the Lorrains who discuss the lower part of the Denton Creek Watershed (2001). The following discussion reviews these sources as they relate to the archaeology of the Elm Fork and Denton Creek floodplains. Previous Investigations Sites in the Elm Fork were recorded by early surveys of the Dallas Archeological Society (DAS). The first report of sites in the area was by R.K. Harris (1936). Harris and members of the DAS did considerable survey along the Elm Fork from Denton south. Prikryl (1990:21-29) presents a thorough review of this activity through the 1960s. More recent DAS surveys have been reported by Jan and Paul Lorrain. The DAS has recently attempted to relocate most of these sites (Bill Young, personal communication) and have found that many of them no longer exist. In 1971, a team from The University of Texas at Arlington conducted a survey along the Elm Fork from near Love Field north into Denton County (Hays 1972). Thirty-five prehistoric sites were recorded and are discussed with regard to the possible construction of protective levees within the Elm Fork floodplain. Hays notes (1972:25) that undisturbed areas occur' within the floodplain and need to be explored thoroughly before being destroyed. The Elm Fork survey recorded three floodplain sites, which are considered to represent a single event of preparing and consuming freshwater mussels. Besides mussels shells, these sites contain burned rock, chipped stone tools, and lithic debris. These deposits are usually buried beneath one to four meters of sterile day. In the subsequent fifteen years, surveys within the Elm Fork valley and along Denton Creek (Lorrain and Lorrain 1988; Lorrain 1985a and b, 1988) occasionally located buried sites such as two shell lens sites at McInnish Park (Skinner 1978), but most surveys did not locate sites (Shiner 1981; Martin 1982), During the second half of the 1980s, the Elm Fork and the Upper Trinity Watershed were extensively studied (Yates and Ferfing 1986; Ferring 1990; Prilcryl 1990). These syntheses and subsequent survey and site testing along Denton Creek (Skinner, Whorton, and Young 1991; Anthony and Brown 1994; Skinner 1999; Trask and Skinner 1999) have expanded our knowledge about the prehistoric occupation within the Lower Elm Fork basin. Much of this information is used in the following Culture History section. AR CONSUL TANTS INC. SITE 41DL 12 A T SAND Y LAKE ROAD 6 Culture History The following prehistoric culture history is derived largely from the Elm Fork survey monograph (Prikryl 1990). We have added a Historic European period. Historic European Protohistoric Late Prehistoric Archaic Palco-Indian AD 1800 to Present AD 1600 - AD 1800 [ Historic Native American] AD 700 - AD 1600 6,500 BC - AD 700 pre-6,500 BC Using the above temporal framework, the following paragraphs present a brief description of the culture history of the area. The Paleo-Indian period is distinguished by distinctive projectile point styles attributed to this period. Many of the points are made of cherts that are not native to North-Central Texas. The Lewisville site and the Aubrey Clovis site in Denton County are the only excavated Palco-Indian sites in the region (Crook and Harris 1957; Ferring 1989, 1990, 1995), and both are in the Elm Fork floodplain north of the study area. Paleo-Indian style artifacts are frequently found on the surface or in more recent geological deposits on stream terraces above the level of the active floodplain (Meltzer and Bever 1995). During this period, large mammals became extinct, and their extinction is atiributed in part to a general environmental drying. During the Early Amhaic, the general drying continued, and sites are found on stream terraces. There is a hint of population increase and Lynott (1981:103) suggests that there was increased emphasis on the use of bottomland food resources. On the Elm Fork, Prikryl (1990:71) reports fewer bottomland sites than during the previous period. Middle Archaic sites are predominantly found on the first terrace above stream floodplains. As earlier, sites tend to be along the Elm Fork rather than along the smaller tributaries. The population density continued to be low. Late Archaic sites increased in number over the previous period, and sites are found both along the Elm Fork and its tributaries. There appears to have been a strong shift in site location to tributary streams, and a pronounced population explosion. Local Ogallala quartzite was being used prominently at this time, and this observation is taken by some authors (Skinner 1981; Prewitt 1983) as evidence of increased territorial constriction. During the subsequent Late Prehistoric period, the bow and arrow and pottery appear in artifact assemblages (sharer 1977). Houses and probable evidence of agriculture first appear during this period, as shown at the Cobb-Pool site on Mountain Creek (Raab and Woosley 1982), and at site 41DL12 if a mussel-shell hoe indicates farming (Hughes and Harris 1951). Site locations mirror those of the Late Archaic, and quartzite continued as the common material for chipped stone projectiles and tools along the Elm Fork. The AR CONSULTANTS INC. SITE 41DLI 2 A T SANDY LAKE ROAD 7 West Fork Paleosol is tentatively dated to this period, although it has been dated earlier than AD 800 in some places. Drying continued into the subsequent period. Buffalo bones are common in later prehistoric sites (Dillehay 1974; Lynott 1979), and along with tools normally expected to occur at sites on the High Plains. It also appears that sites are once again located on sandy terraces above the floodplains. Historic Native Americans are reported in Dallas County by numerous authors. Very little archaeological evidence of historic Native American occupation has been found in the area. This is a pattern seen throughout much of North-Central Texas (Skinner 1988; Peter, Cliff, and Green 1996:3). Paleoenviroumental change is not well documented, but it is summarized by Prikryl (1993:192-193). Prior to 12,000 BC, the climate of north central Texas was cooler and moister than at present. Between 12,000 and 8,000 BC, the climate became warmer and this continued to the present, but with brief mesic periods. It is suggested that the presence of high grass pollen and low arboreal pollen between 5550-1050 BC show a drying with a return of arboreal pollen after 1050 BC. The later change is similar to today's environment. High grass pollen also occurs at approximately AD 450 and from AD 1550 to 1650, and this also indicates drier periods. The presence of paieosols between AD 1 and 1000 indicates increased moisture during this period with a return to drier conditions after AD 1000. Historic European occupation in the area has been suggested by various authors and the evidence of this early presence is summarized by James E. Bruseth (1992). Although there is some evidence that may indicate Spanish visitation to, or travel through, the area, there is virtually no evidence of Spanish settlement in the Dallas area. However, the first real occupation in the region began in the second quarter of the 1800s with the establishment of the Peters Colony and the founding of Dallas. AR CONSUL TANTS INC. SITE 41DLI2 A TSAND Y LAKE ROAD RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY The primary purpose of this investigation is to determine if any evidence of the northwest comer of site 41DL12 is present within the narrow strip of land that is to be included with the right-of-way and easement on the south side of Sandy Lake Road. Using the published description of Pit "C" from the site, it is possible to state that the top of the prehistoric site deposit should be present in the first foot of the floodplain deposit below the original ground surface. It should also be noted that the 1951 testing indicated that backdirt from the gravel operation was resting on top of the floodplain sediments, but was relatively easily distinguished in the side wall of the gravel pit. The second purpose is to determine if the profile recorded by the Dallas Archeologicai Society members can be equated to that described by Ferring (1986:85) from the southern part of the gravel pit. The two profiles appear to be distinctly different as might be expected since Ferring describes his deeper profile to be from floodplain sediments that are up against Carrollton alluvium sediments while the bell-shaped pit profile is probably in the Carrollton alluvium based on its correspondence to Ferring's description of the Carrollton alluvium. In order to accomplish the above, the history of road construction and then the description of site 41DL12 is presented in as much detail as possible. Backhoe trenches were then used to explore in the area of potential effect (APE) for undisturbed sediments that may contain evidence of prehistoric occupation/artifact discard. The APE is located adjacent to the existing right-of-way of Sandy Lake Road and begins on the southwest side of the newly completed bridge over the Elm Fork. At the northwestern comer of thc described area of the site, the addition to the road is 40 feet (12.2 m) wide as it crosses the Farrow property which coincides with the northern edge of the old gravel pit. At the western edge of the Farrow property, the APE extends further to the south and becomes 70 feet (21.4 m) wide and this continues to the west beyond the tested area. The APE includes both new land acquisition and proposed slope easement. Prior to testing, the City of Coppell had the routes of various utilities marked on the ground in paint and with pin flags. This insured that we would not cause a utility snafu which might have delayed the investigation and created unfriendly relations. In addition, we cleared the APE with a weed-eater in order to be able to see the ground and the changes in relief that were not visible with the weeds and trees that had been present. Backhoe trenching was done using a Case 590 Super L Extenda Hoe provided by the City of Coppell Utilities Department and operated by Gary Price. Trenching was done to the depths where water was encountered and which caused wall slumpage. The trench walls were carefully inspected and were described in detail. AR CONSULTANTS INC. SITE 41DLI2 A T SANDY LAKE ROAD 9 RESULTS The following discussion describes our findings and begins with a discussion of the map review. This is followed by a discussion of the previous investigations at site 41DL12. The indivldual backhoe trenches are then presented. The last section relates the findings of this investigation to an understanding of other prehistoric archaeological sites reported in this part of the lower Elm Fork Watershed. Recommendations for cultural resources management are presented in the following chapter. Map Review The 1893 30' USGS map of Dallas, Texas .does not show any roads crossing the Elm Fork in the vicinity of Sandy Lake road today. Sam Street's map of Dallas County (1900) shows a wagon road extending west from the MKT Railroad midway between Carrollton and Trinity Mill and turning south and west just before reaching the Elm Fork of the Trinity (Figure 2). The wagon road crossed the river at a ford that is shown on the map and then passed by the north side of an owner-occupied house. From this point it wandered west across the slightly south of the Denton Creek before maintaining a straight course west from where the creek tums to the north. This route and the surrounding area to the north and west is stippled which is Streets' way of indicating that trees had not been cleared from this area [this is taken from key on the Tarrant County map that Street published in 1898. No other houses are shown along the wagon road on the east or west sides of the Elm Fork. No evidence of floodplain disturbance is indicated on the map. Due to the property lines and the soil that occurs in the floodplain, it seems likely that the entire area was soon to be farmed. By 1920, a dam had been constructed across the Elm Fork just upstream from the previously mentioned house (Figure 3). Likewise, a bridge had been built upstream from the dam. The western access road to the bridge had been straightened and no longer wandered across the floodplain but turned north and back west near the point that Denton Creek turned to the north. The low-water crossing downstream had apparently been abandoned and no evidence of the old access road is shown. No additional houses were present along the road and the only gravel pits present are well to the east of the Elm Fork. Soil on both sides of the Elm Fork was described as Catalpa day. In conjunction with the Texas Centennial, the Texas State Highway Department published detailed maps of every Texas county in 1936 (Figure 4). On the combined Dallas County and Roekwall County, the road is shown as being part of US Highway 77. A single house is shown on the west side of the river where it previously had been and another house is shown to be on the east side of the river and on the south side of the road. Mining locations are not shown on this map although mining was shown on the earlier map. The reader should note that Denton Creek's junction with the Elm Fork is incorrectly shown to be south of US 77. AR CONSUL TANTS INC. SITE 41DL12 AT SANDY LAKE ROAD 10 \ / ! r , 0 0 $ ir - - - '..."."" '''''n"..."^""”"'"".'.. -- - n ----- :'. ' . 3 i___ l 1 1 umniim. A ji S l 'LX ---f:-:------:-..-----7" -.A "•••••• - ..'.. i w RI I3LE.. ..., • ... , ........ . kt • :';';' ' ...•.' .. i:+I :.• • ; ' • -,. ;.. • • • . • . • - ' . .. ,. •.. -- --1- - ?-:-.,... 2 : ., .•4tV . . .,.,.. . . ,.. •kil.,7.z N. $ • ; 1 .. ... . • .1. .c. w. cousEy . - •••. , ,.-. l a, • • •••• . • :- •• ".. • -- .: --:•• ..,.> • '•gv . ..*:-0,• • - • • -- .. ft y • V't *A 2 •V • •••••••• i ••• ••• ''....: : • .. • •-• ./ • .• • •"; - • ' ' --• i ....' I.. -7.4• • ,•1.: ... 7 - ;e: - . %. • - re'. 4 - . .• t '.. . .: ` frrf.l - 0 .• : ..A.A W PER ....-....... . A.--, • ; -• • ••._ i l• 4 • 4 ' 7 .. '.ifoilit . .•;••••4a k Z , : ...:. 4i i'••V • • . j . .. . , ,..: , '.... : . • . 1.41.; W JACK ,• ., • . . ...,3'..4 . 7. - . .. ;;;•:.• •••.: - , •: , ..i•,.. .,,,i.. •:.• .04 1.::.:•.,-fiff• •:. ... _Ts PERRY., i • - ." • ,ic 'A:- " • ..j. • ' ' • • • I X I ! - • 44 : •-.4 -'' • '0 .. • ' - ' 6 •" 'Iv ' :* . ' ' ' " ''. • ' ' ' ' . ' ' ; • X) ''.' • • - - A ' • • ' ' ' - . • ' . ',' • • - ' 6 - -I pligirPli,Irt 0.41 I-: * •-• *."' - -el) jr . Ai,;.;it' . 1:.:.* ' ' . - • - .. • •• .--, •:. :rik . g r • r - .." A -.. • Als . - • .• -. i ...: : : 3 . / '•. , : . :. ' ;.r . -M4 - MENEM • :: " :). .: r ...•...-....::-...:,N.,. '7'7' ::::- .. y..•:-.-..-..94 ,- •:. • 4. ...- ••• ....--.,;,-, •;;•••,-,..;•...- 1 A - TA i°P i‘ • fa. . ,. ... • . . . ..., . 0 7... :.........-;;;..;.•; 4.:.• •-. 0 . ..4 : 3-P„ ••••:',...; .ii.. .. :.---- 4 .. 1 . me ... A .5 1 : • I • a . • 4 , • :. !VEST. - • 1. • •••- - ••-•‘ .F. -- 4s......:-:: .•.- :. e :k4. v.'-• ilk • • A M P G . - E EN -. :i -. - • ::•*:.") ..: ' :- •-s?':.?*; ...2 t1; :-•-:- •• • - :. -".•-••:.:11-.- .. i • k .; ; ,..1?-. • .' . . ■ - k . • 1 :: 4 ) -':- : a 1 ' ...;;•;(;;; tt',..: '''' •••• ..... • • - • •-!•'•" • - -• • ..-- ••'•• • • ••••••-••i• - . 7 • , N.k. k .51.9 4, •• • - 4 1 J • I . 4) ' . * t : ' • - . - ..` 4 7111: . V..- • -0 'i.....t!. • F::.:". 1 •.• • P. Ft - 11!5E R. ,i,• 0‘ -,.. • •,t., • 8 - • /•,.. • • ....• ,,cs•;• 1.:. • - ,f1s1O j. - t s i .•;:: 4 Z,.._ i. e .1. • A. 0 4 , 411 ....--, - - - 4 e i f - J -;• ' -' t ,fr* • 4* i). tr.'.. :•-• ••• % . *.'•-• ... • '•-*: : - :, '.. .. • • .:-' .\ .' '1. • - :-..- - 0 ' ' ISO * - ••• '•-• •' ■ • - "••••• • •:. •-• • • 1 -.. ••• ••• • • ' '... -•. d. • • .' j: • ' . • ' ' . .. ,',. • , i a .....f.- ,t. , - ,,,,,ix ...: -- • • .romm 0 • . - . - 1- - . ,„ * 1 - -••• ki " ‘,„ it t- *- .' - /: s s •0' •,• 'AA . / b t st, . . I .11 • • :d 4 ... ,......,......„„, ..,..,.. e ,.„._ ..: t 1 .1.1 1 4.KEIONEDY. ...9.. * L - $3 I i 1 -° •e; Le. - .. c-•4 4' ..... 4 Z ii i i "": 11 ■ lo 44 , • . ,4 4 CC C / ••- 4 . ASt . ..Rer841/1 .44 . r, ,,,r8.3 i; : 4 0 ' r • ! I . L- -.J.., r 13, --- all AN A 44 iP : I ".}, , v+ c 0 - I 4 r' ■ e-"O■9 41 ' • 4' ,f deo, nu 1 cr.Keere ( tc 4 I . I A. OP 1 41 ,.#' 43' 7 t 4 " • e H LSON •Pec '''s: ' " * 1 I "I 4 . .• I ' U.s. 1 *.• i ir , j./ t ' - r - 1 m.. ......-- ' •-"' ...- 4. ..t . P rei/ife - - - • al •• 45,55 • - .--'. 42A:), .ra --• e ' ' 41- ' ts1 mo )4 1 0 12 iF CP G j t. .. • • I ft , 1 ,..,+ .1 4 • -X' • 1- -- --- a . • „. ih4nc J. BRYAN. ani-- * No - z iy3 I LA- is 4 • 0P 'Z' 4 '''.1, , 1 ---r- r, I 1 + •i • s. 6) 1 C.BOWEN -04 ,, • 0 ! 1 - 4. 4- 4. o. r 2 1 f_ ,-1 ' i I .. Cr • .14 56. ,..40 , * v. "4 r ' J:11 xi . .. Ty__•- ,L ' .5 673'-• • 4 , 7 0 3 . ' WH.PUkCIAM is - 'O NES. N E .A J Q.C. I //V/ ,-"----------1 • or !io 4521 : .)..,,,, ":',., .......n..... : -- ( A . ewr k4-'47 ,. • <6 W'Brgae c 62 f ...; -- '• „Ia . :,_________ _ _ __. 4 4 _ ... mg.... .... .. .. ... 4A. Biceri6 4 .7 ' 1 A 1 • k .<' no A A •'"' .REDNitZ.e.s ( 3-• :.! 9 ess.. ap. • • .• 4.; • .. ..Ale 0: GtairY i 1 te . 0 .-‘.4 4 A A MP...J....or. ..ffii. ••.-1...., n m or ..... .,...e. et ir F. c It, 6 : i 1 • w. i7 - -1 MILLER - - - - ' ' il 92 1 -L I h. ... 5i. i-- --- ---- ---I.-- : • ° g. : 4 *et. 2 i • • C.) eF. • F a v. RGU 9 j011 7 06 V All ' i.(' • 1 .. A , .0. P.Sam • i : , , r . ! 1 q '. '64. ... • iz• A ..•,,...„, i .. 1 s A. & NI 6 43 - s? cs i ,..„1-4r . lit 8 c . ....... ... 4., . R. R. Co . : co - . • ...„4 ; , -2 ...x.. :11--1,, ..2 ... Mir RioWEL N itv 1 4, , it ..1 .r •.* . - ca5 I ..... \ 1._.. 0 ■ .9 .1. 3. 1 Y.36.mil 44 '5 4.4.4114:t "* -- r4... i 44•••• 'Y """ • ' 4 R 6 NANDEZ . -- -- - . , x.f. Hrs F. JO ES 1.4.• :i0eBeafts . • • 6 L ASS C b ‘V• - i 4b .1.2k, a: * Yewd.ezi r 4. - "A` EIZU :1 4 : 1 401 .5...e4, 5 . 37 . . je ir j6 11.70:: St A i dss A ' Z .1? ir irlfIZACC a • I I ,,,i,i3 ita f e 9 a 3 c - . -1 : :: z 1 -Ikstli....... ,..,1/4..„,.. , ia.o.iti . 7., I c5 A. Z -"' .I.D....XCermiek 1 • ‘•••.\ ," $.., ...... '$ 14 -fel l :rd . Illp 16 . .- 03: , Se ; ., 1 . : "°04. .., I f• • e■- Obi" 1 •C I NI 6. rig0 T. W. , ! , Sir ltaMI 4: ./ i r - V 1 4 .4 1 . 6 E t-1 1k- 8.. le i .__ _ 11 _ . , • A . ; .W. H U N T. .57.5 1 . 2 ' v 5. c0 s , S. A. &M. G 4 vic .. KING I • 1141916` I I If ...,... . il . ,?„.. 01. R. R. CO.,.. 1 ..,...., ; -- - - A S A :aagac 1 ) .„: 11111111114r z.i . t4 a , c .,, .0 rooter ___ _A la ,_..1 4, . R. R. CO ' ki--/-:: • A .. ' 7 I 0 1 i ,I A. BU R D T T. : # 11 ' h I eWl Z - i -.' ' -- 1W. BABBIT. 2 ■ r•f" .B*rak .4r..., Alierrieldoor ; . kl i •k, . ..%1 if • ' . . 1 2 e4'1.. I 'c -155 ■ c," I 4., ..1 - ' ..*.G. Alil • \ . . l■ 4 :' /V . 0) ! - 'l L.gr 1 e` GI QS ,. 9. 3 Bur • ea apt if5X" •• 4. . • ve .1..(111 lams : . . ,----- 6 - .1/71.5te I l., ./44 . 57 , ' ,7 ‘ C 't . 4 3 ,. i 4i ... 1 _____. .!' .. ___- • . • : • A \ 4 iflEkifila 5 ,___ • S A ___:_______' 1-----r+ ... p, 1.1P 6IRY : "C i ARK :. • 'S .ctM.G. .. c - .L..• 44 . - li ___ 1 . rden _ ...._ . 4- Figure 2. A section of Sam Streets Map of Dallas County with an AR . t. arrow po - *mg to the location of site 41DL12. consultants / SITE 41DLJ2AT SANDY LAKE ROAD 11 # ' F ) „,./., 1 1 4 \_ d` is t 't f F or it . F .� 0 u\ • :gib, ;' J // • ^ +q f ` , _ -. ../''. — 1 ` u ©/ �. �" Lc f sip 6 �'" • V ej G 1 \ ...^"•"...°... 4 al thei Clru,..tfii :,..,„, .....,..., 4 ..„,,,,,, ., —4, \ * N. ----,.. ... ..C___ 1 ; . . ' 4-41 ,..,,q,,,7,) t'. ,, N. ..."\' C • s \ \ ( 1 c ' ,.. , • .. • ' _ -- E Lc \ "\\, i -,,,,„,,,, ' r" �.. ``�. )1 1;4- Figure 3. The relocated route of Sandy Lake Road across the Elm AR Fork just upstream from the location of site 41 DL 12. shown on a section of the 1920 Dallas County Soil map. ConsulliantLs SITE 41DLI2 A T SANDY LAI(.E ROAD 12 I i ~ C 0 ".~I~'.i ...---' ~':. .a_.c ,~,~;.."; ~... ~= ~ ~ Y _ ~ ~ r ~ :i~ ~t ' ~ -~,, ~ ~110~: 2~~ ~ · · · ~ ~. -,~ ~ ~ ' ; I ~ ~ ~. Fig~e 4. A blackened ~gle ~d ~e n~ber ,,2,, show ~e location of site 41DL12 ~ plowed by R. King H~s on his copy of~e 1936 D~l~ Co~W highway map. Consultants SITE 41DL I 2 A T SANDY LAKE ROAD 13 The 1959 Carrollton, TX 7.5' USGS map (Figure 1) shows a house still located to the southwest of the Carrollton Dam. An unlived in building is shown further to the south and a dirt road is shown defining the western edge of an area that had been used as a gravel pit. Neither the road nor the structure is presently recognizable in the field. Sheet Number 2 from the Soil Survey of Dallas County and a roughly contemporary map obtained from the vault at the City of Dallas Public Works office show that extensive mining had gone on to the east of the Elm Fork and south of Sandy Lake Road. In contrast, the soil ~ap includes all the land on the west side of the river as being occasionally flooded Frio silty clay. The USGS map disagrees with this and a close-up view of the area provided by the City of Dallas aerial photograph clearly shows the mined area south of Sandy Lake Road and west of the Elm Fork (Figure 5). A perimeter road surrounded the pit area which by this point in time, probably the mid-1960s, was being re-grown by volunteer trees and weeds. The area immediately to the west and to the south was being fasmed and there appears to be a house in the narrow strip along the western edge of the perimeter road just south of Sandy Lake Road. Previous Investigations On a site form dated December 30, 1940 and prepared by R. K. Harris and L. P. McElroy, site 27A-1-2 was recorded. The site is now listed as 41DL12 at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory and in the Archeological Sites Atlas that is available on line through the Texas Historical Commission. The site was described as a surface camp that covered an area 200 x 50 yards and with the river bank forming one edge of the site (Figure 6). The house and road [Sandy Lake Road] are just north of the site. No previous excavation had been done but arrowheads had been collected by local boys and Harris and McElroy noted the presence of mussel shells. The recorders reported that they found arrowheads, dart points, a blade, flakes and potsherds and noted burnt rocks in the center of the site. Although no scale is present on the map, it is likely that the faintly marked square boxes are 50' on a side. This map must have been prepared or updated after testing of Pit "C" was dug in 1951. We have no idea what the ages are for the Old and New Gravel Pits, but the New pit must have pre-dated 1941 when the DAS members dug Pits A and B. There is no evidence today of the house that is shown to be west of Pit C. The following year, a team fi'om the Dallas Archeological Society discovered and then excavated a pit that had been exposed in the wall of the gravel pit, as well as a second pit that had been exposed by erosion near the southeast comer of the site (Figures 7 and 8). Pit A had been excavated to a depth of 27" below the ground level into the sandy clay. It was a circular basin-shaped pit which contained charcoal, burned rock, mussel shell, a dart point and arrow points (Kirkland, Harris, and Hatzenbuehler 1949). The second pit had a similar configuration and contained mussel shell, burned rock, and charcoal along with a chipped limestone chopper The depth was 20". AR CONSUL TANTS INC. SITE 4IDLl2 AT SANDY LAKE ROAD 14 • . ., i ill - - 9` y{Y per f 3`� °. 4'....-',.., MA N. {-+e+ 1 ,t'F... :.4a6...*„...'' i ..... .., - .. T 4. • • • • v as 'sue 1, 1 , 4 . ". :4; . - 1.- : aban � .ravel pit " ' Y ' � . . . , s s. = r . ctive gravel pit i .f - $ - , `teach .+ • ,...,...,_..._.. ..,, ,.. ,....„.,. . , .. 8 1 `1` t :{ , .,__ «f; .. ,...... .., _...., ..... _ .... .. . Figure 5. A mid -1960s aerial photograph of the site area showing the R abandoned gravel pit. Picture provided by the City of Dallas survey record vault. C®nsull¢an¢s ■ SITE 41DLI2 A T SANDY LAKE ROAD II ...... L-. ' . ' -~.e.~'-'"-f, ....... ':'---~'~---~1'~'~ ,'-'q'~ .... I' I ~n,,~'~l ~ ! ; r.lt I * , I~-,,~ ~, : ', . _. ' ....... ~ .......... 'L~. ....... ' ...... ~"-:-.' .......... ..... ? .; ~_. ' /::-: ~.. ~ .............. ~,/" ~.~ .. X. = · Fig~e 6. PI~ map of site 41DL 12 a~ched to ~e site s~ey fo~m. AR Consultants SITE 41DL12 A T SAND Y LAKE ROAD 10 Figure 7. Figure 8. po~ ~IT5 Profile of Pit A along with artifact illustrations. Half-size copy of Plate l from the 1949 article about site 41DL12. Profile of Pit B and the limestone.chopper found in the pit fill Half-size copy of Plate 2 from the 1949 article about site 41DL12. AR CONSULTANTS INC. SITE 41DL12 A T SAND Y LAKE ROAD 17 The third pit (Pit C) was discovered near the northwest edge of the site and consisted of a bell-shaped pit with a burned layer of mussel shell on the bottom. A mussel shell hoe was discovered near the bottom of the pit. After the burning episode, a layer of trash was placed, or ended up, in the pit to a depth of fifteen inches. A second burning episode occurred as shown by a layer of burned clay. In the pit fill below the clay layer, there was an abundance of mussel shells, burned rock, a shell scraper and charcoal (Hughes and Harris 1951). The presence of pottery is noted in the article although the site had been recorded as a non-ceramic site although "bird points" and the occupation had been attributed to the Caddoan culture. Figure 9. A Profiles of Pit C and the Pit C setting. Half-size copy of Plate I from thc 1951 article about site 41DL12. During the course of the Upper Trinity Cultural Resources Assessment (Yates and Ferring 1986:244-245), project personnel and Corps of Engineers personnel visited the site several times. They noted the presence of several areas of intact deposits. These included an island in the central portion of the gravel pit where a 50-60 square meter area contained in sim cultural materials in the upper part of thc exposed profile. This may be in the area termed the "New" gravel pit shown on Figure 6 above. Materials were also found in the southwest part of the gravel pit in dark gray clays. Radiocarbon samples were collected and a profile of the island was recorded (Figure 10). The investigators indicated that although the preserved area was small, it had the potential of providing important information. AR CONSULTANTS INC. SITE 41DLI 2 A T SAND Y LAKE ROAD 18 e~,-~* Horizon ~; Color Textu re 820,80 BP .~ A5 A I0 YR S/2 LS lO0- ~ A4 ~o ~R 3/2.5 SL ~ . AB & ~ 7.sY~ a.s/4 LS ~ GBItb 7.5 YE ~ ~BCb 7.s YR 4.5/~ SL ~ ~Clb 7.5 YR 5/8 LS 200- ~ I = EC2b 7.5 Y; 4.5/s LS , ~C4b 7.5 YR 4.5/6 CS ~CSb ~.~ YR GrSL Figure 4.12a The 41DL12 Profile AR Figme 10. ~e isled profile recorded m site 41DL12 in 1986. Consultants SITE 41DLI2 A T SANDY LAKE ROAD 19 Thc island profile was divided into three informal units that overlie the Eagle Ford at a depth of just over four meters. Unit A consists of basal gravels which probably were the materials quarried from the "Old" and "New" gravel pits. The overlying Unit B contains massive or cross-bedded sands. Unit C consists of loamy sands and sandy loams. A very thick A-horizon was apparent near the top of this terrace deposit and has been dated to A.D. 1130~80 [820-~:80 BP, Beta-14907]. Archaeological materials in this profile extend from the Late Prehistoric to the Late Archaic at below a meter. Thus, deposition and occupation is projected to have occurred between 500 BC and AD 1130 or later. Testing The area of potential effect is a relatively narrow strip of ground located adjacent to the existing cleared and maintained right-of-way along the south side of Sandy Lake Road in the City of Coppell. This APE is shown on Figure 11 and is presented in the center of Figure 12. A shallow drainage ditch is present near the edge of the existing corridor. A hog-wire fence and a wooden post are near the western edge of the Farrow property and the drainage ditch had been filled in along the north edge of the Farrow property as part of the creation of the Trinity Shores Development. A "driveway" of earth placed over a concrete pipe is present between Trenches 3 and 4. Utilities on the northern edge of the APE include a buried Verizon telephone cable and a water line and hydrant. It should be noted that the "Old" gravel pit is shown to extend to the edge of the road on the north side and that this location extends north of the southern edge of the existing Sandy Lake Road right-of-way. Trench 1 was placed perpendicular to the man-made drainage swale and was oriented roughly north-south. The trench was only four meters long and was a meter wide. Mixed fill was present from the ground surface to a depth of 275 cm. The upper zone was only present in the north end of the profile and pinched out in the center of the swale. The zone consisted of a 50:50 mixture of dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) sandy clay and black (10YR2/1) clay. Zone II is a mixture of brown (10YR4/3) loamy clay and very dark gray (10YRB/1) clay containing a chunk of concrete with rebar in it. A large piece of white pvc pipe was in the trench wall. Zone III extended below the bottom of the trench where water was encountered. This matrix was a yellowish brown (10YR3/6) sandy clay containing pieces of gravel and concrete. Trench 2 was closer to the river and contained several layers of mixed twentieth century trash. The trench was 5.5 m long and 1.5 m wide. Zone I consisted of a dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4) and black (10YR2/1) silty clay mixed and swirled and containing a chunk of concrete. This zone extended from the surface to a maximum depth of 1.85 m. Zone II consisted of a thin lens of black silty clay. Zone III was a dark yellowish brown sandy clay fill containing chunks and slabs of concrete (Figure 13). Zone IV was a very dark grayish brown (10YR3/4) clay mixed with black clay, rounded limestone gravel and chunks of concrete. Zone V was a predominately brown (10YR4/6) sandy clay mixed with swirls of black and yellowish brown silty clay and sandy clay. Zone VI contained lots of burned lumber, burned roof shingles and concrete. Excavation ceased at 3.3 m and water filled the bottom of the pit. AR CONSUL TANTS INC. '1 SITE 41DL12 AT SANDY LAKE ROAD 21 L �. 4}. x ems t � ,'.t+g. �"".t �� . , r A • e -- x Figure 12. A westerly view of the Sandy Lake Road APE shown in the center of the picture and left of the hydrant. The northwest edge of the Farrow property is at the left side of the photo where the tracks in the dirt go to the south. : t �, t , k � 4 + . ..46-7.....1. -... _ ' ' _ . . : Q4�r..4.:�IM'� '4 - .-Y ^.T.r4,. \_. ' .. _ -... _r"--- v. = -1 f �' "9i .. rte: — � '3 �.'. 10' # � ! K r .l: `�f Figure 13. Backdirt from Trench 2 showing the large chunks /slabs of concrete contained in the fill that was encountered. View is to the southeast. AR CONSULTANTS INC. SITE 41DLI2 A TSAND Y LAKE ROAD 22 Trench 3 was 5.5 m long and reached the water table at just over 2.5 m below the present ground surface on the south end. Zone I consisted of a mixed brown (10YR4/3) sandy clay and black (10YR2/1) silty clay that also contained rounded limestone pebbles (Figures 14). Virtually no historic artifacts were found in this mixed fill. Zone II consisted primarily of a black (10YR2/1) silty clay that contained pieces of three different hand-made bricks (Figure 15). Each brick fragments was poorly fired and had a high sand content. Brick colors included reddish brown (2.5YR4/4), light red (2.5YR6/6), reddish yellow (5YR6/8) and brown (7.5YR4/4) and no scraped or marked exterior surfaces were present. This was the first fill episode and at the bottom of the zone it graded into Zone III which was a dark brown (10YR3/3) medium grained sandy loam. This zone appeared to be in place but contained no evidence of soil development and did not contain cultural materials. The lowest zone, Zone IV, was a yellowish brown (10YRS/10) medium grained sandy loam with some very wet clay. Although the lower two zones appeared to have been in place, no cultural materials were discovered in place. A chunk from a chert cobble core with a cortex platform and a fragment of a large mammal astragalus, probably from a deer, were found in the profile. The chert fragment and bone were recovered from the lower part of Zone II at about the same level as the hand-made bricks. Trench 3 West Wall Profile ¥ '~~' .:'.':'~ 5 :.:".:.' :':'::: ....... ~ / - - - ~"~~'.'. 'i .: :.: ':'.'. · ~ , ~ Zone III .... ,' ~"~~'Za~e'/V~"'~.~ 'water level 0 1 Figure 14. Profile of the west wall of Trench 3. AR CONSUL TANTS INC. SITE 41DL12 AT SANDY LAKE ROAD 23 • h rc lY{ - Y qr �' ; J• fit 6.., _ • 4 9 ;• • p • t X 0a • Figure 15. Zone II, the black silty clay below the mixed upper fill zone and above the lower water - deposited sediments. View is to the southwest of the west wall. Trench 4 was the furthest from the location of site 41 DL 12 and was a 4.4 long trench that was widened to 2.06 m at the top. It was excavated to a maximum depth of 4.11 m. The upper zone contained a mixed fill that consisted primarily of a yellowish brown (10YR5 /10) clay containing several fragment of hand -made bricks and rounded limestone pebbles. Zone II was a brown (10YR4/3) fine sandy clay with minor amounts of loam. Below this was a very compact and black (10YR2 /1) silty clay that showed no soil development and did not contain cultural materials. Several water - rolled mussel shell umbos and a single snail shell (Rabdotus dealbatus) were recovered from this zone (Todd 2002). The mussels include Amblema plicata, Pelectomerus dombeyanus and Tritogonia verrucosa which live in a mud substrate where the water was shallow and of fair to AR CONSULTANTS INC. SITE 41DL12 A TSAND Y LAKE ROAD 94. moderate quality. These did not appear to have been archaeological in origin. The lowest zone was a mottled medium sandy clay that contained very dark greenish gray (gley 3/1) and dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4) sediments. Summary Testing within the APE failed to find any evidence that the northwest comer of site 41DL12 extends into this area. In fact, all four trenches showed evidence of fill being present and Trenches 1 and 2 contained fill throughout. This may be a sign that the edge of the gravel quarry stopped between Trenches 1 and 3. This would a logical conclusion to draw based on the presence of undisturbed terrace sediments under the fill that is just below the present ground surface. However, the absence of any cultural materials in either trench may be an indication that the gravel pit was expanded after the DAS discovered and excavated Pit C in 1949 or that the upper sediments containing cultural materials were removed from the edge of the pit during the course of abandonment by erosion. In any case, no evidence of the site was found. It is likely that the upper part of the A-horizon in Trench 3 was removed in the past and the When Ferring and the author were working nearby, we were unable to access or determine if the island with the preserved profile was still present. Since that time, the pit has been entirely filled in and more than a meter of fill was spread over the surface of the pit and possibly to the south even beyond the site area. A stone wall has been built set back along the edge of the river and houses are going to be built on top of the new fill that appears to elevate the new ground surface above most major flood levels. Consequently, if any of the site has been preserved, it will be further preserved as well as being further confused since no landmarks described by the Dallas Areheological Society or Ferfing remain on the ground surface. There is certainly no evidence of any site 41DL12 remnants within the APE of Sandy Lake Road. AR CONSUL TANTS INC. SITE 41DLI2 A T SANDY LAKE ROAD 25 RECOMMENDATIONS AR Consultants was unsuccessful in locating any remnant of site 41DL12 within the APE of Sandy Lake Road in Coppell. Furthermore, the remainder of the site area has been covered although ~11 indications are that almost all or all of the site was destroyed by mining, erosion and subsequent borrow pit filling. Since no significant site deposit is present within the APE, it is our recommendation that widening of Sandy Lake Road on the west side of the Elm Fork can be conducted without the need for further cultural resource investigations. We further recommend that the Texas Historical Commission and the Fort Worth Di~/xlct of the Corps of Engineers concur with our appraisal. ARC does not believe that significant buried cultural materials are likely to be encountered when road excavation is done, particularly since Sandy Lake Road is to be elevated in this area. If evidence of past occupation is uncovered, construction should immediately cease in that area and ~e Texas Historical Commission, Archeology Division, and the Corps of Engineers should be notified. AR CONSULTANTS INC. $IT£ 41DL12 A T SAND¥ I~KE RO~D ~ REFERENCES CITED Anthony, Dana and David O. Brown 1994 Archeological Investigations in the Denton Creek Floodplain, Data Recovery Excavations at 41DL2 70, Denton and Dallas Counties, Texas. Hicks & Company, Archeology Series 37. Bmseth, James E. 1992 Artifacts of the de Sotu Expedition: The Evidence from Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 63:67-97. Bureau of Economic Geology 1988 Geologic dtlas of Texas, Dallas Sheet. The University of Texas at Austin. Coffee, D.R., R.H. Hill, and D.D. Ressel 1980 Soil Survey of Dallas County, Texas. USDA, Soil Conservation Service in cooperation with Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. Council of Texas Archeologists ND Guidelines for the Content of Cultural Resource Management Reports. Manuscript on file with the membership. Crook, Wilson W., II and R.K. Harris 1957 Hearths and Artifacts of Early Man near Lewisville and Associated Faunal Material. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 28:7-97. Diamond, David D., David H. Riskind, and Steve Orzell 1987 A Framework for Plant Community Classification and Conservation in Texas. The Texas Journal of Science 39(3):203-221. Dillehay, Tom D. 1974 Late Quaternary Bison Changes on the Southern Plains. Plains Anthropologist 19(65):180-196. Ferring, C. Reid 1986 Late Quaternary Geology and Environments of the Upper Trinity Basin. In An Assessment of the Cultural Resources of the Trinity River Basin, Dallas, Tarrant, and Denton Counties, Texas, edited by B. Yates and C.R. Ferring, North Texas State University, Institute of Applied Sciences, pp. 32-112. 1989 The Aubrey Clovis Site: A Palco-Indian Locality in the Upper Trinity River Basin. Current Research in the Pleistocene 6:9-11. 1990 Late Quaternary Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Upper Trinity River Drainage Basin, Texas. Geological Society of America, Field Trip #11 Guidebook. 1995 The Late Quaternary Geology and Archaeology of the Aubrey Clovis Site, Texas: A Preliminary Report. In Ancient Peoples and Landscapes, edited by Eileen Johnson, Museum of Texas Tech University, pp. 273-281. Harris, R.K. 1936 Indian Campsites of the Upper Trinity River Drainage. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society 8:113-133. Hays, Thomas R. 1972 An Archaeological Survey of the Elm Fork of the Trinity River. In Environmental Impact Study of the Elm Fork Region of the Trinity River by T.R. Hays, T.R. Hellier, Jr., and T.E. Kennerly, Jr., pp. 3-27. Report submitted to the Fort Worth District, Us Army Corps of Engineers by the Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington. Hughes, Jack T. and R. King Harris 1951 Refuse or Fire Pit Excavated in Site 27A 1-2. The Record 10(2):7-8. Kirkland, Forrest~ R.K. Harris and Robert Hatzenbuehler 1949 Refuse Pits Excavated in Site 27A- 1-2. The Record 7(5): 17-19. Lorrain, Jan and Paul 1988 The Vista Ridge Site on Denton Creek. The Record42(2). AR CONSUL TANTS INC. SITE 41DLI2 A T SANDY LAKE ROAD 27 Lorrain, Paul 1985a Excavation at Site 2 on the Elm Fork. The Record41(1):3-13. 1985b Site 41DL252 on Denton Creek. The Record41(l):lS-21 1988 Recent Finds on the Denton Tap Site. The Record42(3):95-96. Lorrain, Paul and .lan 2001 Prehistoric Occupation of Lower Denton Creek. The Record 50:61-77. Lynott, Mark J. 1979 Prehistoric Bison Population of Northcentral Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 50:89-101. 1981 A Model of Prehistoric Adaptations in Northern Texas. Plains Anthropologist 26(92):97-110. Martin, William A. 1982 An Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Coppell Community Park. Report submitted to the City of Coppell, Dallas County, Texas. Meltzer, David J. and Michael R. Bever 1995 Paleoindians of Texas: An Update on the Texas Fluted Point Survey. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 66:47-81. Peter, Duane E., Maynard Cliff, and Melissa Green 1996 Draft Archeoiogical Survey Standards: Blackland Prairie (Region 3) and the Cross Timbers (Region 4) North-Central Texas. Paper prepared for the Council of Texas Archeologists, Spring Meeting, Austin. Peter, Duane E. and D.H. Jumey 1988 Environmental Background. In Late Holocene Prehistory of the Mountain Creek Drainage, edited by Duane E. Peter and Daniel E. McGregor, pp. 5-26.. Southern Methodist University, Archaeology Research Program, Joe Pool Lake Archaeological Project, Vol. 1. Peter, Duane E. and Daniel E. McGregor, editors 1988 Late Holocene Prehistory of the Mountain Creek Drainage. Southern Methodist University, Archaeology Research Program, Joe Pool Lake Archaeological Project, Vol. 1. Prewitt, Elton R. 1983 From Circleville to Toyah: Comments on Central Texas Chronology. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 54:201-238. Prikryl, Daniel D. 1990 Lower Elm Fork Prehistory, A Redefinition of Culture Concepts and Chronologies along the Trinity River, North-Central Texas. Texas Historical Commission, Office of the State Archeologist, Report 37. 1993 Regional Preservation Plan for Archeological Resources, Prairie-Savanna Archeological Region. Section III in Archeology in the Eastern Planning Region, Texas: ~4 Planning Document, edited by Nancy A. Kenmotsu and Timothy K. Perttula, Texas Historical Commission, Cultural Resource Management Report 3, pp. 189-204. Raab, L. Mark and Anne I. Woosley 1982 A Terrace Habitat and Late Prehistoric Settlement in North-Central Texas. Plains Anthropologist 27-97:185-193. Shafer, Harry J. 1977 Late Prehistory in Central Texas. Bulletin of the South Plains Archeological Society 3:18-24. Shiner, Joel L. 1981 Cultural-Historical Survey of a Portion of the Elm Fork of the Trinity River, Northwest Dallas, Texas. Report submitted to Southland Real Estate Resources, Inc. by Rone Engineers, Dallas. Skinner, S. Alan 1978 Archaeological Investigations of the R.J. Mclnnish Municipal Park AR Consultants, Cultural Resources Report 78-2. 1981 Aboriginal Demographic Changes in Central Texas. Plains Anthropologist 26(92):111-1 ! 8. 1988 Where Did All the Indians Go? The Record of the Dallas Archeological Society, Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, 42(3): ! 01 - 1 04. i 999 Cultural Resources Investigation at Andrew Brown Community Park, Coppell, Texas. AR Consultants, Cultural Resources Report 99-8. AR CONSUL TANTS INC. SITE 41DLI2 A TSAND Y LAKE ROAD 28 Skinner, S. Alan, Brenda B. Whorton, and William L. Young 1991 Mayfair Golf Course Archaeology, Tarram County, Texas. AR Consultants, Cultural Resources Report 91-8. Smith, C.A. 1969 Archeology of the Upper Trinity Watershed. The Record26(l):l-14. Todd, lesse 2002 Mollusca from Coppell. Report submitted to AR Consultants, Inc. Trask, Lance K. and S. Alan Skinner 1999 Archaeological Survey of MacArthur Park ¢oppell, Texas. AR Consultants, Cultural Resources Report 99-34. Yates, Bonnie C., and C.. Reid Ferring (editors) 1986 An Assessment of the Cultural Resources in the Trinity Basin, Dallas. Tarrant, and Denton Coumies, Texas. North Texas State University, Institute of Applied Sciences. Denton. Young, Bill 1998 Personal communication. AR CONSUL TANTS INC.